Unit 3

Methods of Teaching Pakistan Studies

Week 5 and 6
Lectures: 13,14,15,16,17 and 18
Lecture 13
Introduction

• Method may be defined as a systematic

procedure adopted for the attainment of
some specific objectives.
• The term teaching method refers to the
general principles, pedagogy and
management strategies used for classroom
instruction.
CONT
• The need for right methods of teaching cannot be
underestimated in an ideal system of education. Infact
the problem of method can no more be ignored in any
system of educational philosophy and practice than
that of the aim of the curriculum.
• Even the best curriculum and the most perfect syllabus
remains ineffective unless quickened into life by the
right methods of teaching.
Methods of teaching Pakis Studies

• Lecture Method.
• Discussion Method.
• Project Method.
• Team Teaching Method.
• Demonstration method
Lecture Method
• This is a method which is generally followed in colleges
and schools with big classes. In this method only the
teacher talks, the students are passive listeners and they
do not take any active part. Although this method is
attractive, economical speedy, useful for factual
information and logical sequence yet it has certain,
limitations that it is memory based, emphasizes spoon
feeding, too rapid, without learning by doing,
authoritarian and fails to develop critical thinking.
CONT
• In lecture method only the teacher talks & students are
passive listeners. Since the student do not actively
participate in this method of teaching, this is a teacher
– controlled & information centered method.
• Lecture method is most commonly followed in
colleges and in schools in big classes. This method is
not quite suitable to realize the real aim of teaching
science.
Objectives
• We use this method because of the following
objectives:
• To clarify
• To extend contents
• For the purpose of review
PLANNING THE LECTURE

Before starting to prepare a lecture, the teacher

must be able to answer four basic questions:-
• Who is your audience?- Who
• What is the purpose of your lecture?- Why
• How much time is available- How long
• What is the subject matter?- What
Steps
• The lecture follows some specific steps through
which it is carried out.
• Planning of a lecture
• Presentation of a lecture
• Introduction of a lecture
• Development phase
• Evaluation
Lecture 14
Merits of Lecture Method
• Economical
• Time Saving
• Teacher’s work become easier
• Useful for factual information
• Develops listening skills
• Useful for brilliant students
• Assists other methods
Demerits of Lecture Method
• Students are passive
• No surety of students understanding
• Weak students cannot follow
• No learning by doing
• Individual differences are not cared
• Authoritarian method
Discussion method
• The word ‘discuss’ has been derived from the Latin
root ‘discutere’, which means to shake or strike.
• Thus ‘discussion’ refers to thoroughly shaking up
the subject, that is, examining it thoroughly to reach
a conclusion.
• A discussion is an activity of sitting and talking
about a specific subject.
CONT
• A discussion method is the means by which
people share experiences, ideas and attitudes.
• Discussion method enable to engage in an
orderly verbal interchange and to express
thoughts on a particular subject.
Discussion Method
• The discussion method of teaching is a process in which small groups
assemble to communicate with each other, using speaking, listening
and nonverbal processes in order to achieve instructional objectives.
• The most common type of collaborative method of teaching in a class
is classroom discussion. It is also a democratic way of handling a
class, where each student is given equal opportunity to interact and put
forth their views. A discussion taking place in a classroom can be
either facilitated by a teacher or by a student. A discussion could also
follow a presentation or a demonstration. Class discussions can
enhance student understanding, add context to academic content,
broaden student perspectives, highlight opposing viewpoints, reinforce
knowledge, build confidence, and support community in learning. 
CONT
• Discussion involves two-way communication
between participants.
• In the classroom situation a teacher and students all
participate in discussion.
• During discussion, the teacher spends some time
listening while the students spend sometimes talking.
• The discussion is, therefore, a more active learning
experience for the students than the lecture.
Characteristics
• Ensure maximum participation.
• Students have the opportunity to criticize and evaluate.
• Logical and meaningful criticism should be accepted.
• Students should anchor the discussion themselves.
• Keeping teachers as guide.
• Teacher selects the topic only with the help of students.
CONT
• Teacher divides the class in to different groups and gives the
topic of the discussion to each group.
• Every group has a leader to anchor and conduct the
discussion.
• Students who have leadership quality should be selected
for anchoring.
• Relevant topic should only be considered.
• In the end, teacher draws the conclusion of the
discussion with the help of leaders.
Advantages
• Discussion method can develop following abilities among
students:
• Thinking and communicating powers
• Leadership quality
• Expression ability
• Problem solving ability
• Creativity
• Motivation and confidence
CONT
• Increase students interest
• Increases students acceptance and commitments.
• Utilizes student knowledge and experience.
• Results in more permanent learning because of
high degree of student participation.
Disadvantages

• Require highly skilled instructor.

• Requires preparation by student.
• Limits content.
• Consumes time.
• Restricts size of groups.
Lecture 15
Demonstration method
• Demonstrating, which is also called the coaching style or the
Lecture-cum-Demonstration method, is the process
of teaching through examples or experiments.
• It is one of traditional method. This is also known as Chalk
and talk method. In this method Teacher is active and
learners are passive. Lecture-cum-demonstration includes
the merits of the lecture as well as demonstration method.
Demonstration means ‘to show’. In Lecture method teacher
just tells but in demonstration method teacher shows and
illustrates certain fundamental phenomena.
Characteristics
•Characteristics of good demonstration:
• Visibility & Clear cut
• Convincing & Rehearsal
• Supplemented with other teaching aids
• Asking relevant questions
• Neat, clean and tidiness
• Simple and speedy
• Teacher to act as performer
Advantages
•Advantages of Lecture-cum-Demonstration Method:
• Save time and money.
• Student participation.
• Helpful to promote useful discussion.
• Activity method
• Can be presented to large groups.
• Builds confidence
• Reduces damages and waste.
• Promotes safety.
Disadvantages
• Require careful preparation and rehearsal.
• Requires special classroom arrangements.
• Requires tools and equipment.
• Requires large block.
• Requires more instructors.
• Visibility: Visibility is main problem for a teacher because all the students may
not be able to see the details and results of a demonstration
• Speed of experiment: Either too fast or too slow speed of demonstration
sometimes may create trouble
• Ignore individual difference: This method totally ignores the main principle of
psychology.
• Not useful for developing scientific attitude
Lecture 16
Project method
• Project method is one of the modern method of teaching
in which, the students point of view is given importance
in designing the curricula and content of studies. This
method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and
the principle of ‘Learning by doing’. In this strategy
pupils perform constructive activities in natural condition.
A project is a list of real life that has been imparted into
the school. It demands work from the pupils.
Characteristics
•It takes the student beyond the walls of the class room.
•It is carried out in a natural setting, thus making learning realistic
and experiential.
• It encourages investigative learning and solution of practical
problems.
• It is focused on the student as it enlists his/her active involvement
in the task set.
• Teacher plays a facilitative role rather than the role of an expert.
CONT
•Teacher plays a facilitative role rather than the role of
an expert.
•It allows the students a great degree of freedom to
choose from among the options given to them; hence it
provides a psychological boost.
•It encourages the spirit of research in the student.
Steps of project method
1. Creating Situation:
•In the first step teacher creates the proper situation to the
students in the class. He puts up the knowledge about the
project method procedure, steps, and uses to the students.
•A project should arise out of a need felt by students and it
should never be forced on them. It should be purposeful and
significant.
CONT
• 2. Selection of the problem
• The teacher helps the students to select the problem and guide them.
Students are having freedom to choose the topic or problem based on
their interest and ability.
• 3. Planning:
• The teacher discuss with the students about the problem in various
angles and points.
• After the free expression of the students’ opinion about the problem,
the teacher writes down the whole program of action stepwise on the
blackboard.
CONT

• In the process of planning teacher has to act only as a

guide and should give suggestions at times but actual
planning be left to the students.
• 4. Execution
• The students are stating their work in this step. They are
collecting the relevant information and materials at first.
The teacher should give the time and right to the students
according to their own speed, interest and ability.
CONT
• Evaluation of the project should be done both by the
pupils and the teachers. Here the students evaluating
their task. They determine whether the objects are
achieved or not. After that they criticize and express
their feeling about the task freely. The evaluation of
the project has to be done in the light of plans,
difficulties in the execution and achieved results.
Lecture 17
Reporting and Recording
• It is the last step of the project method in which each and
every step of the work are reported. The reported things are
recorded in a certain order in a book form.
• It should include the proposal, plan and its discussion, duties
allotted to different students and how far they were carried
out by them. It should also include the details of places visited
and surveyed guidance for future and all other possible
details.
• The book formatted report is submitted to the teacher at the
end.
Advantages
• Based on psychological principal
• Child centered
• Fulfils the needs of all students
• Promotes critical thinking
• Links with real life situation
• Promotes social development
• Working at own pace
• Democratic method
CONT
• Time consuming
• All syllabus cannot be covered
• Costly
• Need teacher expertise
• No systematic coverage of curriculum
• Material not available
Team Teaching

• Team teaching is a method of coordinated

classroom teaching involving a team of
teachers working together with a single
group of students.
Types of team teaching

1. A team of teachers from same department.

2. A team of teachers from inter-department but
from the same institutions.
3. A team of teachers from inter-institution.
Lecture 18
Objectives of team teaching
• To make the best use of experts of teacher under team teaching
• To improve the quality of teaching. it involves two or more
experts of the subject to teach same group simultaneously.
• To develop the feelings of co-operation or group work in
teaching learning situation.
• To help the students, to satisfy the needs and difficulties relating
to the special content.
• To develop the, sense of shared responsibility in teaching and
evaluation of students learning outcome.
• To minimize the scope of teaching wrong things to the
students.
Advantages of team teaching
•Utilizes the competencies of the teachers.
•Creates learning environment.
•Opportunity for free discussion
•Development of social relationship
•Opportunity for teachers to develop professional status
•Learners are benefited by the special knowledge by various teachers
•It considers the need and difficulty of students.
•Its an economical teaching device
•It utilizes the teaching aids and equipments of teaching in an
appropriate manner
•Bring excellence in teaching.
Disadvantages of team teaching

1.Difficult to seek co-operation among teachers

2.Feasible in practice to assign powers.
3. No mutual regard and respect among teachers every
teacher consider himself as an expert of the subject
4. Generally they are of the opinion in western
countries not here in Pakistan or India.