Phys 471 Solar Energy I

Chap 1: Chap1 Sun and Solar

Irradiation
(Textbook is Duffie and Beckman**, 3rd ed; in this presentations mainly this book is used)

Bulent Akinoglu
(2015-1)

rd
**Duffie J.A. and Beckman W.A; Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes; 3 ed.

John Wiley and Sons; 2006.

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Outline
 Chap 1: PART I
 Sun
 Solar Spectrum
 Outside the atmosphere
 Basics
 On the earth
 Sample calculations

 Chap 1 PART II
 Measurements
 Data availability (World and Turkey)
 Estimations and analysis
 Radiation on sloped surfaces
 Sample calculations
Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Inroduction: Solar Energy (energy.doc) Systems
 System (all)

Input System Output

Efficiency (Performance)
The Sun ??
Feasibility

Oil, Coal , Natural gas, Hydro, Wind, Solar thermal, PV, Passive solar ....

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

1. Sun
 What is the
resource?
Solar irradiation
reaching the Earth
(Input).
 Like a black body.
Wavelength
 A blackbody is a heated body that Resim: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/shining/page7a_fig.html

emits all the radiation it absorbs

(hypothetical). maxT  2898m0K
BlackBody.exe

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Spectrum.png Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Beam (or direct): irradiation without scattering by the atmosphere.

Diffuse (or scattered): irradiation coming after scattering. (several parts are: Sky diffuse; circumsolar; horizon brightening;

ground reflected.)

Total (or global) : Beam + Diffuse.

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

http://inlinethumb38.webshots.com/41125/

METU Dept. of Physics

 Produced by Buğracan AKSOY

Atmosphere thickness is exaggerated.

You may prepare air mass worksheet

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

What is the average approximate amount reaching the Earth?

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7f.html

2
Outside the atmosphere 1367 W/m (solar constant; on a perpendicular surface at the mean sun-earth distance).

On the average: %50 is reaching the Earth (but only during daytime!! It is not quite easy to measure and/or
to estimate!)

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/2001/ph162/images/green35.jpg

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 2
Solar Constant; Outside the atmosphere (Isc=1367 W/m ):

Ho: Monthly average of daily solar irradiation, on a horizontal

surface outside the atmosphere just above the location of a

given latitude.

As annual average, approximate values reaching the Earth’s surface:

O
Equator (latitude 15 ) 50-70%

O
Mid latitudes (15-40 ) 40-60%

O
Towards poles (40 ve üstü) 40-50%
Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Useful Nomenclature:

 G:
2 2
Irradiance; (W/m =J/s.m )

 I:
2
Irradiation; hourly integrated (MJ/m )

 H:
2
Irradiation; daily integrated (MJ/m )

Subscripts

 b: beam component (eg. Ib)

 d: diffuse component (eg. Hd)

 t or g: total (or global) (sometimes omitted)

 h: Horizontal surface (sometimes omitted)

 T: Tilted surface (eg. IbT)

 o or 0: Extraterrestrial (outside the atmosphere) (eg. H0)

 sc: Solar constant (Isc)

 n: normal (eg. Ion means incident on a perpendicular surface)

Examples:

 Gon: Irradiance outside the atmosphere on a perpendicular surface.

 HTd: Daily integrated diffuse irradiation on a tilted surface. Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 Clearnes index

k  I / I oh k  I / I oh
K  H / Ho K  H / Ho
On the surface of the Earth: to estimate daily or monthly average daily global solar irradiation on a horizontal surface

(Angstrom type equations; empirical but a and b are location dependent):

H / H o  a  b( n / N )
Universal; quadratic form (n : daily bright sunshine hours or daily sunshine duration; N: day-length. We will discuss later.)

H / H o  0.145  0.845(n / N )  0.280(n / N ) 2

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 Recommended mean day of the month by Klein (1977)
Month Date in Day number in Declination
month year (º)
January 17 17 -20.9
February 16 47 -13
March 16 75 -2.4
April 15 105 9.4
May 15 135 18.8
June 11 162 23.1
July 17 198 21.2
August 16 228 13.5
September 15 258 2.2
October 15 288 -9.6
November 14 318 -18.9
December 10 344 -23

Declination: Varies instantaneously, but even daily variations is very

284  n
small so that daily can be calculated. Note that here n is day-
  23.45Sin[360 ]
number. 365
Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 Solar Time: Time based on the apparent
angular motion of the sun. We take the solar
noon to be the time that the sun crosses the
meridian of the observer. (In an accurate
scientific calculation scheme EOT should be
considered.)

Solar Time – Standard time = 4(Ls – Lloc) + EOT

EOT=229.2 [0.000075+0.001868COS(B) –0.032077SIN(B) –0.014615COS(2B) –0,04089SIN(2B)]

B=(n-1)(360/365) ; n: daynumber ; Spencer (1971)

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Equation of Time Duffie p11 Solar Time Stdakika LONGst LONGloc STANDARTT STANTh(dakika olarak, 10,3 demek 10:3
B.Akinoglu:
n B EOT SOLART SOLARTh 90 89,4 10,5 10,3 Input the time you
1 0 -2,90442 10,49159 10,29496 want to find
DELL:
2 0,986301 -3,35165 10,48414 10,29048
B.Akinoglu: STANDARD TIME OF
3 1,972603 -3,79462 10,47676 10,28605 THAT LOCATION
Solar time with
4 2,958904 -4,23292 10,46945 10,28167 DELL:
division 60
5 3,945205 -4,66614 10,46223 10,27734 DELL: MERIDIAN OF THAT
6 4,931507 -5,09387 10,4551 10,27306 B.Akinoglu: STANDARD MERIDIAN LOCATION
FOR THAT LOCATION
7 5,917808 -5,51573 10,44807 10,26884 Solar time with
8 6,90411 -5,93133 10,44114 10,26469 division 100
9 7,890411 -6,34029 10,43433 10,2606 EOT
10 8,876712 -6,74223 10,42763 10,25658 20
11 9,863014 -7,13679 10,42105 10,25263
12 10,84932 -7,52362 10,41461 10,24876 15
13 11,83562 -7,90237 10,40829 10,24498
14 12,82192 -8,2727 10,40212 10,24127 10
15 13,80822 -8,63428 10,3961 10,23766
5
16 14,79452 -8,9868 10,39022 10,23413
17 15,78082 -9,32995 10,3845 10,2307
EOT
0
18 16,76712 -9,66343 10,37894 10,22737 Series2

32

63

94
1

125

280
156

187

218

249

311

342
19 17,75342 -9,98696 10,37355 10,22413 -5
20 18,73973 -10,3003 10,36833 10,221
21 19,72603 -10,6031 10,36328 10,21797 -10
22 20,71233 -10,8951 10,35841 10,21505
23 21,69863 -11,1762 10,35373 10,21224 -15
24 22,68493 -11,4461 10,34923 10,20954
-20
25 23,67123 -11,7046 10,34492 10,20695
26 24,65753 -11,9515 10,34081 10,20449 n

27 25,64384 -12,1865 10,33689 10,20213

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 SUN and EARTH
 The sun is an average star of radius 0.7 million
km and has a mass of about 2x1030 kg. It
radiates energy from an effective surface
temperature of about 5760 K. Its radius is about
7x107 m.
 The earth is at about 150 million km from the
sun and has a radius of about 6360 km. Its mass
is about 6x1024 kg The total surface area of the
earth is about 510 million km2, of which only
about 21% is land. The average yearly surface
temperature is about 14 oC (can vary significantly).
Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 This document is taken from: http://www.courses.ait.ac.th/ED06.22/course1/lecs/

 RELEVANCE OF SUN EARTH ANGLES :

 It is common knowledge that the solar radiation received on the earth's
surface is not constant. Most of the reasons for these variations could be
explained by an understanding of the sun earth angle concepts. It varies:
 (i) during the day (from morning to noon and from noon to evening, with the
maximum usually at noon). This is called hourly variations. This is due to the
motion of the sun from east to west during the course of the day and is true
for all locations.
 (ii) daily, which is primarily due to the presence of clouds
 (iii) monthly (or seasonal variation), due to the location and the sun's
position.
 (iv) from location to location.
 (v) depending on the orientation of the surface. ie, whether the surface
receiving the radiation is placed horizontally or is tilted from the horizontal,
etc. and
 (vi) due to the presence of clouds. This could be seasonal in nature or
during the day and dependent on the location.
 The factors (i), (iii), (iv) and (v) could be explained by a knowledge of the sun
earth angles), while factors (ii) and (vi) is the influence of clouds
Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Sun angles
  Latitude; -90≤  ≤ +90
  Declination; -23.45≤  ≤ +23.45
  Slope; 0≤  ≤180
  Surface azimuth angle; -180≤  ≤+180
  Hour angle;
  Angle of incidence;
 z Zenith angle; 0≤ z ≤+90
 s Solar altitude; (90- z)
 s Solar azimuth angle.

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Declination:

284  n
  23.45Sin[360 ]
365
Angle of incidence:

Cos  SinSinCos  SinCosSin Cos

 CosCosCos Cos  CosSinSinCosCos
 CosSin  SinSin
Zenith angle:

Cos z  Sin Sin   CosCosCos

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 For south or north facing surfaces Northern hemisphere:

Cos  SinSin (   )  CosCos(   )Cos

For south or north facing surfaces Southern hemisphere:

Cos  SinSin (   )  CosCos(   )Cos

Sunset hour angle:

Coss   tan  tan 

Daylength:

2
N  Cos 1 ( tan  tan  )
15

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Geometric factor Rb for beam radiation on a tilted surface:

GbT GbnCos Cos

Rb   
Gb GbnCos z Cos z

GbT

Gbh (or Gb)

 Gbn
Gbn

z

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 What do we call the “Extraterrestrial solar
irradiance (power) falling on a 1 m2 of a vertical
surface at the mean sun-earth distance.” (Gsc?)
 Therefore, it is changing when the mean sun earth
distance is changing!! (call Gon: daily irradiance on a
vertical surface outside the atmosphere on 1 m2).
Daily
calculation is enough (Note that n is day-number).

360n
Gon  Gsc [1  0.033Cos ]
365

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 EXTRATERREST Gon Gon VERSUS DAYNUMBER
DAYNO Gon(MJ/M2DAY) 1420,0
1,00 1412,10 1410,0
2,00 1412,08
1400,0
3,00 1412,05
1390,0
4,00 1412,00
5,00 1411,94 1380,0

Gon (W/m2)
6,00 1411,87 1370,0
7,00 1411,78 1360,0
8,00 1411,68 1350,0
9,00 1411,57 1340,0
10,00 1411,44 1330,0
11,00 1411,30 1320,0
12,00 1411,15 1310,0
13,00 1410,99
0 100 200 300
14,00 1410,81
DAYNUMBER
15,00 1410,62
16,00 1410,41
17,00 1410,19
18,00 1409,96
19,00 1409,72
20,00 1409,46
21,00 1409,20

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 Extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface (Instantaneous
):
360n
Go  Gsc [1  0.033Cos ]Cos z
365
 Daily integrated:

24  3600 360n 
Ho  Gsc [1  0.033Cos ]  (CosCosSins  s SinSin )
 365 180

 Integrated over an hour:

12  3600 360n  (2  1 )

Io  Gsc [1  0.033Cos ]  [CosCos ( Sin 2  Sin 1 )  Sin Sin ]
 365 180

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

WORLD SOLAR BELT

Areas of the world with high insolation.

http://www.powerfromthesun.net/chapter1/Chapter1.htm Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Pay-back
 Why? South of Turkey!
 Long-term performance
 Life of the system
 Maintenance and running costs (
cost-effective)
 Social cost. What is the cost of a human
life?…
 Feasibility…

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

 http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/spectral/model/spectral_model_index.html

Extraterrestrial (Calculation)
 Solar constant,
 Sun-Earth angles,
 Basic solar radiation
(ttp://www.courses.ait.ac.th/ED06.22/course1/lecs/module1/m13o98.
and,
html)

 A sample calculation.

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

If reliable measurements do not
exist.. (We will discuss next chapter!)
 Models
 1. Surface data (+ geographical)
 Bright sunshine hours (Campell-Stokes)
 Cloudiness, humidity etc.
 2. Satellite data
 Cloudiness derived from images
VERY GOOD

http://www.courses.ait.ac.th/ED06.22/course1/lecs/module1/m13o98.html
Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

Silicon Pyranometer
http://microdaq.com/occ/hws/pyra.php

Bandgap of Si is 1.1 eV! (which correspond to ~ =1.13 m.) See it in the figure. Typical errors ~25%

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/sat-bin/goes_cc2/clouds?AREA=cclass_west_area1&PROD=cclass

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics

http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/sat-bin/goes_cc2/clouds?AREA=cclass_west_area1&PROD=cclass

Phys 471 Solar Energy I

METU Dept. of Physics