Ruya Isam 2019 4th fuel and energy

Solar angles:

The earth completes a complete cycle around its axis every 24 hours,
and it also completes the same cycle around the sun in a period that
takes about 365.25 days. This last rotational movement is not circular
but takes an oval shape, and the use of solar energy effectively requires
detailed knowledge of the angles formed by the fall of the sun on the
surface of the globe.

latitude angle (ϕ): of a point (P) on the surface of the earth is its
angular distance north or south of the equator measured from the center
of the earth. It is the angle between the line OP and the projection of OP
on the equatorial plane. Point O represents the center of the earth.

hour angle (ω): is the angle through which the earth must turn to bring
the meridian of a point directly in line with the sun's rays. It is the angle
measured in the earth's equatorial plane between the projection of OP
and the projection of a line from the center of the sun to the center of the
earth.

ω= (Solar time – 12 ) ∗ 15

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 + 𝐸 ∓ 4(𝑙𝑎 − 𝑙𝑐 )

Ruya Isam 2019 4th fuel and energy

: ‫حيث تمثل‬

𝐿𝑎 = ‫دائرة الخط الفعلي للموقع المراد حساب الوقت عنده‬

𝐿𝑐= ‫دائرة الخط الطول للبلد الذي اعتمد التوقيت المحلي على اساسة‬

(E) ‫تمثل‬ ‫معادلة الوقت وت حسب من تطبيق المعادلة اآلتية‬

𝐸 = 9.87 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ∗ 𝐵 ) − 7.53 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐵 ) − 1.5 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐵 )

360(𝑁𝐷 − 81)
𝐵 =
364
ND = ‫عدد االيام‬

Solar Time: It is the time that would be shown by a sun dial whereas a
civil day is precisely 24 hours, a solar day is slightly different due to
irregularities of the earth's rotation.

The difference between local solar time La and local civil time Lc is
called the equation of time.

La = Lc+ Eq. of time

Declination angle (δ): is the angular distance of the sun's rays north (or
south) of the equator. It is the angle between a line extending from the
center of the sun to the center of the earth, and the projection of this line
upon the earth's equatorial plane. This is the direct consequence of the
tilt and it would vary between 23.5° on June 22, to - 23.5° on December
22. At the time of winter solstice, the sun rays would be 23.5° south of
Ruya Isam 2019 4th fuel and energy

the earth's equator (δ = -23.5°) At the time of summer solstice, the sun's
rays would be 23.5° north of the earth's equator (δ = 23. 5°).
360
δ =23.45 ∗ sin[ (𝑁𝐷 − 80)]
370

ND = ‫عدد االيام‬

Fig. 1.2 Latitude, hour angle and sun's declination

Altitude angle α: It is a vertical angle between the projection of the

sun's rays on the horizontal plane and the direction of sun's rays (passing
through point).

α = Sin-1 [Cos (δ)) *Cos (ϕ)* Cos (ω ) +Sin (δ) *Sin (ϕ)]
Ruya Isam 2019 4th fuel and energy

azimuth angle Ø: It is the solar angle in degrees along the horizon east
or west of north or It is the sun ray angle measured on the horizontal
plane between the south and the projection of the line connecting the
center of the sun to a certain point on the earth

sin (𝛚)
Ø = tan-1
sin (𝛟) cos(𝛚) −cos( 𝛟) tan ( 𝛅 )

Fig. 1.3 A Latitude, azimuth angle

‫‪Ruya Isam‬‬ ‫‪2019‬‬ ‫‪4th fuel and energy‬‬

‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮة ‪:‬‬

‫يﺘﺒﻌﺜﺮ ﺟﺰء ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ االﺷﻌاع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ عﻨد دﺧﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻐازي ﻟﻼرض ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿات‬
‫االﻧﻜﺴار واالﻧﻌﻜاس واالﻣﺘﺼاص ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻜﻮﻧات اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻐازي يﻌﻜﺴﮫ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫وتﺒﻠغ ﻣا يﺘﺸﺘﺖ ويﻨﻌﻜﺲ ويﻤﺘﺺ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮوره ﺑاﻟﺠﻮ‪% 35‬ﻣﻨﮭا ‪ % 6‬فﻲ غﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي و‪%2‬‬
‫تﻌﻜﺴﮭﮫ سطح االرض و‪ % 27‬تﻌﻜﺴﮫ وتﺘﺒﻌﺜﺮة اﻟﻐﯿﻮم اﻟى اﻟفضاء‬
‫‪.‬ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ تﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤفﻘﻮد ال تﺴاھﻢ فﻲ تﺴﺨﯿﻦ سطح االرض و ال اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻐازي ‪.‬اﻣا االﺷﻌاع‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ اﻟﺬي يﺴاھﻢ فﻲ تﺴﺨﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء فﮭﻮ ‪%65‬ﻣﻨﮫ ‪ %5‬يﻤﺘﺺ سطح االرض اﻣا اﻟﺒاﻗﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬

‫‪Solar radiation in space‬‬

‫ان اﻟﺸﻌاع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ اﻟﺴاﻗط ﺧارج اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي تﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴافﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ االرض واﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻣﻤا يﻮدي‬
‫اﻟى تﻐﯿﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ االﺷﻌاع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ اﻟﻮاصﻞ اﻟى االرض تﺒﻌا ﻟدﻟك ‪ .‬يﻤﻜﻦ حﺴاب ﻛﻤﯿﺔ االﺷﻌاع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ اﻟﺴاﻗط‬
‫عﻠى اﻟﺴطح االفﻘﻲ ﺧارج اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي االرضﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج أﺷﺮي حﯿث تحﺴب ﻛﻤﯿﺔ االﺷﻌاع اﻟﻤﺒاﺷﺮ اﻟﺴاﻗط عﻠى اﻟﺴطح عﻤﻮدي عﻠى ﻣﺴاوه حﺴب‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌادﻟﺔ اﻟﺘاﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫𝐿𝑃‪−‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫( ‪IDN = A1 * exp‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫)‬
‫𝑂𝑃‬ ‫)‪𝑠𝑖𝑛(α‬‬

‫‪: A1‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﻣﻌاﻣﻞ ﺷدة االﺷﻌاع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ اﻟﺴاﻗط وتحﺴب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌادﻟﺔ االتﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪360‬‬
‫( ‪A1= 1158[ 1+0.066 *cos‬‬ ‫])‪*ND‬‬
‫‪370‬‬

‫‪ B‬ھﻮ ﻣﻌاﻣﻞ االضﻤحﻼل اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑحﺴب اﻟﻤﻌادﻟﺔ اﻟﺘاﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ruya Isam‬‬ ‫‪2019‬‬ ‫‪4th fuel and energy‬‬

‫)‪. B= 0.175 *[1 -0.2 *cos (0.93*ND )- 0.0045* [1 - cos (1.86 *ND‬‬

‫𝐿𝑃‬
‫=‬
‫𝑂𝑃‬

‫فﮭﻮ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟضﻐط اﻟﺠﻮي عﻨد اﻟﻤﻮﻗع اﻟﻤطﻠﻮب حﺴاب ﺷدة االﺷﻌاع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ فﯿﺔ اﻟى‬
‫اﻟضﻐط عﻨد ﻣﺴﺘﻮى سطح اﻟﺒحﺮ وتحﺴب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌادﻟﺔ اﻟﺘاﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫𝐿𝑃‬
‫)‪= exp (-0.0001148 * Hair‬‬ ‫=‬
‫𝑂𝑃‬

‫‪ Hair‬ﻣﻘدار االرتفاع عﻦ سطح اﻟﺒحﺮ ﺑاالﻣﺘار‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫𝐷𝐼 ان ﻣﻘدار االﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺒاﺷﺮة اﻟﺴاﻗطﺔ عﻠى اﻟﺴطح ﻣائﻞ ﺑﺰاويﺔ‬
‫عﻦ االفق )‪.(o‬‬

‫𝐷𝐼‬ ‫𝑁𝐷𝐼 =‬ ‫) 𝜃( ‪∗ cos‬‬

‫)‪ Cos( θ‬ھﻲ اﻟﺰاويﺔ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط وتحﺴب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌادﻟﺔ اﻟﺘاﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Cos( θ) = Sin (α ) *Cos(o) + Cos(α)* Cos(Ø)* Sin(O‬‬

‫ھﻲ زاويﺔ اﻟﻤحﺼﻮرة ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﻘط عﻠى سطح االفﻘﻲ وﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨط اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي اﻟى اﻟﺴطح وتدعى ‪Ø‬‬
‫زاويﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﺖ اﻟﺴطحﻲ وتاﺧد اﺷارة اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ اذا ﻛان اﻟﺴطح ﻣائﻞ ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ وساﻟب ادا‬
‫ﻛان اﻟﺴطح ﺑﻌﯿدا عﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ‪.‬‬

‫* اﻣا ﻣﻘدار االﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮة اﻟﺴاﻗطﺔ عﻠى سطح ﻣائﻞ ﺑﺰاويﺔ)‪( o‬ﻣﻘدار عﻦ االفق تحﺴب ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌادﻟﺔ اﻟﺘاﻟﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫] ‪I diffuse = 𝐼𝐷𝑁 [ c* (1+cos(o)/2 + s *(c +sin α )* 1-cos(o)/2‬‬

‫)‪:(S‬‬
‫‪Ruya Isam‬‬ ‫‪2019‬‬ ‫‪4th fuel and energy‬‬

‫ﻣﻘدار االﻧﻌﻜاسﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ تﻌﺮف وتﺘﺮاوح ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭا ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 0.2‬ﻟﻠحاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌاديﺔ و‪ 0.7‬عﻨد اﻟﺜﻠﻮج‬

‫)‪(C‬‬
‫‪:‬ﻣﻌاﻣﻞ االﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮة ويﻌﺮف اﻧﮫ اﻟﻤﻌدل اﻟﺸﮭﺮي ﺑﯿﻦ االﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮة اﻟى ﺷدة‬
‫االﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮديﺔ اﻟﻤﺒاﺷﺮة وﻟﺴﻤاء صافﯿﺔ‬

‫]‪c= 0.0965 [ 1-0.42 cos 360/370 *ND]-0.0075 * [1-cos1.95*ND‬‬

‫اﻣا االﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺴاﻗطﺔ عﻠى اﻟﺴطح اﻟﻤﺠﻤع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ فﺘحﺴب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌادﻟﺔ اﻟﺘاﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫𝐷𝐼 ‪. 𝐼𝐷 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑑 +‬‬

‫𝑡 𝐷𝐼‬ ‫]‪= IDN *[ cos (θ) +c * ( 1+cos(o)/2 +s* (c+ sin α)* (1-cos(o) /2‬‬