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Solar Radiation and Load Calculations

Cooling and heating load calculations are important to estimate the required capacity of air conditioning equipment. The major sources of cooling and heating loads are occupants, electrical devices, air infiltration, and solar radiation. A significant portion of building heat gain is due to solar radiation, so it is essential to estimate the amount of solar radiation a building receives to calculate cooling and heating loads. Understanding solar geometry concepts such as latitude, hour angle, and declination allow estimating the angle of solar incidence and total solar irradiation on building surfaces.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views20 pages

Solar Radiation and Load Calculations

Cooling and heating load calculations are important to estimate the required capacity of air conditioning equipment. The major sources of cooling and heating loads are occupants, electrical devices, air infiltration, and solar radiation. A significant portion of building heat gain is due to solar radiation, so it is essential to estimate the amount of solar radiation a building receives to calculate cooling and heating loads. Understanding solar geometry concepts such as latitude, hour angle, and declination allow estimating the angle of solar incidence and total solar irradiation on building surfaces.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Cooling

 and  Hea,ng  
Load  Calcula,ons  
-­‐  Es,ma,on  of  Solar  
Radia,on  
 
Why  load  calcula,on  ?  
• By  carrying  out  cooling  and  hea,ng  load  calcula,ons,  one  can  
es,mate  the  capacity  that  will  be  required  for  various  air  
condi,oning  equipment.  
•  With  the  cooling  and  hea,ng  load  calcula,on  one  can  ensure  that  
the  designed  or  selected    equipment  can  serve  the  intended  
purpose  of  maintaining  the  required  condi,ons  in  the  condi,oned  
space  
• Thus  energy  consump,on  and  the  opera,ng  cost  can  be  op,mized  
with  the  cooling  and  hea,ng  load  calcula,on  
• Cooling  load      
Cooling  load  refers  to  load  on  air  condi,oning  equipment  in  Summer  
Season  
• Hea,ng  load      
Hea,ng  load  refers  to  load  on  air  condi,oning  equipment  in  Winter  
Season  
Hea,ng  and  Cooling  Load  Sources  

• Occupants  
• Electrical  Devices  
• Air  Infiltra,on  
• Solar  Radia,on  
Hea,ng  and  Cooling  Load  Due  to  Solar  
Radia,on  
 
It  is  important  to  understand  the  various  aspects  of  solar  radia,on  
because:  
1. A  major  part  of  building  heat  gain  is  due  to  solar  radia,on,  hence  
an  es,mate  of  the  amount  of  solar  radia,on,  the  building  is  
subjected  to,  is  essen,al  for  es,ma,ng  the  cooling  and  hea,ng  
loads  on  the  buildings.    
2. By  proper  design  and  orienta,on  of  the  building,  selec,on  of  
suitable  materials  and  landscaping,  it  is  possible  to  harness  solar  
energy  beneficially.  This  can  reduce  the  overall  cost  (ini,al  and  
opera,ng)  of  the  air  condi,oning  system  considerably  by  reducing  
the  required  capacity  of  the  cooling  and  hea,ng  equipment.  
 
 
 
Solar  Radia,on  
• Ds=  1.39*109  m  
• ms=  2*1030  kg  
• Mean  Distance  b/w  sun  and  earth  =  1.5*1011  m  
• (Energy  emi[ed)s=  3.8*1026  Wa[s  
• (Energy  Received)s  Es=  1.7*1017  Wa[s  

• The  temperature  at  center  of  sun  is  4  million  Kelvin  


• At  surface  temperature  is  6000  kelvin  
 
Solar  Radia,on  
Solar  Constant    
 
This  is  the  flux  of  solar  radia,on  on  a  surface  normal  to  the  sun’s  rays    at  the  
outer  surface  of  earth’s  atmosphere  at  the  mean  earth-­‐sun  distance.  The  
accepted  value  of  solar  constant  is  1370    W/  m2      
• This  amount  of  radia,on  is  only  received  at  12  o’clock  as  the  surface  is  
perpendicular  at  this  ,me    
• at  other  ,mes,  it  will  be  smaller  than  1370    W/  m2  
Solar  Radia,on  
• On  Earth  Surface:  
• Solar  constant  =  1370    W/  m2    
• Whether  this  amount  of  radia,on  will  fall  on  
earth  surface  or  not?  
• Some  of  the  solar  radia,ons  are  depleted  in  
earth  atmosphere  so  the  total  radia,on  
reaching  the  surface  per  unit  area  will  be  
smaller  if  the  reflected  radia,on  from  other  
surfaces  is  considered  as  ZERO  
 
Total  solar  Irradia/on:    
 
The  rate  at  which  solar  radia,on  is  striking  a  surface  per  unit  
area  of  the  surface  is  called  as  the  total  solar  irradia,on  on  the  
surface.  
 
 
 
 
where    
 
 Iiθ  =  Total  solar  irradia,on  of  a  surface,  W/m2    
 IDN  =  Direct  radia,on  from  sun,  W/m2  
 Idθ  =  Diffuse  radia,on  from  sky,  W/m2      
 Irθ  =  Short  wave  radia,on  reflected  from  other  surfaces,  W/m2    
 θ  =  Angle  of  incidence,  degrees  
 
 
Angle  of  Incidence  
 

Angle  of  incidence  depends  on  loca,on,  ,me  of  the  day  and  day  of  the  year  
 
Solar  geometry:  
 
• The  angle  of  incidence  θ  depends  upon    
i. Loca,on  on  earth    
ii.  Time  of  the  day,  and    
iii. Day  of  the  year    
• The  above  three  parameters  are  defined  in  
terms  of  la,tude,  hour  angle  and  declina,on,  
respec,vely  
 
Earth  rota,on  and  ,lt  
Earth  rota,on    about  its  axis  is  responsible  for  day  and  night  while  its  ,lt  is  responsible    
for  change  of  seasons  
Earth  axis  is  ,lted  at  23.5  degree  with  respect  to  its  orbi,ng  plane  
Effect  of  ,lt  
• La/tude,  l:    It  shows  the  loca,on  of  earth  
• It  is  the  angle  between  the  lines  joining  O  and  P  and  the  
projec,on  of  OP  on  the  equatorial  plane,  i.e.,  
la/tude  l,  =  angle  ∠POA    
• It  varies  from  00  at  equator  to  900  at  the  poles  
• Thus  the  la,tude  along  with  the  longitude  indicates  the  
posi,on  of  any  point  on  earth    
• La,tude  and  Longitude  of  Peshawar  34.0151°  N,  71.5249°  E  
respec,vely  
 
 
Hour  angle,  h:  It  indicates  the  ,me  of  the  day  
It  is  the  angle  between  the  projec,on  of  OP  on  the  equatorial  
plane  i.e.,  the  line  OA  and  the  projec,on  of  the  line  joining  the  
center  of  the  earth  to  the  center  of  the  sun,  i.e.,  the  line  OB.  
Therefore,  
                                                                                                     hour  angle,  h  =  angle  ∠AOB  
The  hour  angle  varies  from  00  to  3600  in  one  rota,on.    
Since  it  takes  24  clock  hours  for  one  rota,on,  each  clock  hour  of  
,me  is  equal  to  150    of  hour  angle.    
For  example,  at  10  A.M.  (solar  ,me)  the  hour  angle  is  3300  
 
 
• Hour  angle  is  based  on  Local  Solar  ,me  

• LStT  is  the  local  standard  ,me,  LSM  is  the  local  standard  ,me  
meridian  and  LON  is  the  local  longitude  
• A  civil  day  is  exactly  equal  to  24  hours,  whereas  a  solar  day  is  
approximately  equal  to  24  hours.  This  varia,on  is  called  as  
Equa,on  of  Time  (EOT)  
• (EOT)  is  available  as  average  values  for  different  months  of  the  
year  and  can  be  calculated  through  the  following  equa,on  
 
 
 
• Declina/on,  d:  It  shows  the  day  of  the  year  
• The  declina,on  is  the  angle  between  the  line  joining  the  
center  of  the  earth  and  sun  and  its  projec,on  on  the  
equatorial  plane,  the  angle  between  line  OO’  and  line  OB;  
declina/on,  d  =  angle∠  O'OB  
 
• For  northern  hemisphere,  the  declina,on  varies  from  about  
+23.5  on  June  21  (summer  sols,ce)  to  -­‐23.5  on  December  21  
(December  21st).    
 
• The  declina,on  can  be  calculated  approximately  using  
the  following  equa,on  
• Capital  N  days  of  year  with  value  =  1  at  Jan  ist  
 
 
 
 

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