Cooling
and
Hea,ng
Load
Calcula,ons
-‐
Es,ma,on
of
Solar
Radia,on
Why
load
calcula,on
?
• By
carrying
out
cooling
and
hea,ng
load
calcula,ons,
one
can
es,mate
the
capacity
that
will
be
required
for
various
air
condi,oning
equipment.
•
With
the
cooling
and
hea,ng
load
calcula,on
one
can
ensure
that
the
designed
or
selected
equipment
can
serve
the
intended
purpose
of
maintaining
the
required
condi,ons
in
the
condi,oned
space
• Thus
energy
consump,on
and
the
opera,ng
cost
can
be
op,mized
with
the
cooling
and
hea,ng
load
calcula,on
• Cooling
load
Cooling
load
refers
to
load
on
air
condi,oning
equipment
in
Summer
Season
• Hea,ng
load
Hea,ng
load
refers
to
load
on
air
condi,oning
equipment
in
Winter
Season
Hea,ng
and
Cooling
Load
Sources
• Occupants
• Electrical
Devices
• Air
Infiltra,on
• Solar
Radia,on
Hea,ng
and
Cooling
Load
Due
to
Solar
Radia,on
It
is
important
to
understand
the
various
aspects
of
solar
radia,on
because:
1. A
major
part
of
building
heat
gain
is
due
to
solar
radia,on,
hence
an
es,mate
of
the
amount
of
solar
radia,on,
the
building
is
subjected
to,
is
essen,al
for
es,ma,ng
the
cooling
and
hea,ng
loads
on
the
buildings.
2. By
proper
design
and
orienta,on
of
the
building,
selec,on
of
suitable
materials
and
landscaping,
it
is
possible
to
harness
solar
energy
beneficially.
This
can
reduce
the
overall
cost
(ini,al
and
opera,ng)
of
the
air
condi,oning
system
considerably
by
reducing
the
required
capacity
of
the
cooling
and
hea,ng
equipment.
Solar
Radia,on
• Ds=
1.39*109
m
• ms=
2*1030
kg
• Mean
Distance
b/w
sun
and
earth
=
1.5*1011
m
• (Energy
emi[ed)s=
3.8*1026
Wa[s
• (Energy
Received)s
Es=
1.7*1017
Wa[s
• The
temperature
at
center
of
sun
is
4
million
Kelvin
• At
surface
temperature
is
6000
kelvin
Solar
Radia,on
Solar
Constant
This
is
the
flux
of
solar
radia,on
on
a
surface
normal
to
the
sun’s
rays
at
the
outer
surface
of
earth’s
atmosphere
at
the
mean
earth-‐sun
distance.
The
accepted
value
of
solar
constant
is
1370
W/
m2
• This
amount
of
radia,on
is
only
received
at
12
o’clock
as
the
surface
is
perpendicular
at
this
,me
• at
other
,mes,
it
will
be
smaller
than
1370
W/
m2
Solar
Radia,on
• On
Earth
Surface:
• Solar
constant
=
1370
W/
m2
• Whether
this
amount
of
radia,on
will
fall
on
earth
surface
or
not?
• Some
of
the
solar
radia,ons
are
depleted
in
earth
atmosphere
so
the
total
radia,on
reaching
the
surface
per
unit
area
will
be
smaller
if
the
reflected
radia,on
from
other
surfaces
is
considered
as
ZERO
Total
solar
Irradia/on:
The
rate
at
which
solar
radia,on
is
striking
a
surface
per
unit
area
of
the
surface
is
called
as
the
total
solar
irradia,on
on
the
surface.
where
Iiθ
=
Total
solar
irradia,on
of
a
surface,
W/m2
IDN
=
Direct
radia,on
from
sun,
W/m2
Idθ
=
Diffuse
radia,on
from
sky,
W/m2
Irθ
=
Short
wave
radia,on
reflected
from
other
surfaces,
W/m2
θ
=
Angle
of
incidence,
degrees
Angle
of
Incidence
Angle
of
incidence
depends
on
loca,on,
,me
of
the
day
and
day
of
the
year
Solar
geometry:
• The
angle
of
incidence
θ
depends
upon
i. Loca,on
on
earth
ii.
Time
of
the
day,
and
iii. Day
of
the
year
• The
above
three
parameters
are
defined
in
terms
of
la,tude,
hour
angle
and
declina,on,
respec,vely
Earth
rota,on
and
,lt
Earth
rota,on
about
its
axis
is
responsible
for
day
and
night
while
its
,lt
is
responsible
for
change
of
seasons
Earth
axis
is
,lted
at
23.5
degree
with
respect
to
its
orbi,ng
plane
Effect
of
,lt
• La/tude,
l:
It
shows
the
loca,on
of
earth
• It
is
the
angle
between
the
lines
joining
O
and
P
and
the
projec,on
of
OP
on
the
equatorial
plane,
i.e.,
la/tude
l,
=
angle
∠POA
• It
varies
from
00
at
equator
to
900
at
the
poles
• Thus
the
la,tude
along
with
the
longitude
indicates
the
posi,on
of
any
point
on
earth
• La,tude
and
Longitude
of
Peshawar
34.0151°
N,
71.5249°
E
respec,vely
Hour
angle,
h:
It
indicates
the
,me
of
the
day
It
is
the
angle
between
the
projec,on
of
OP
on
the
equatorial
plane
i.e.,
the
line
OA
and
the
projec,on
of
the
line
joining
the
center
of
the
earth
to
the
center
of
the
sun,
i.e.,
the
line
OB.
Therefore,
hour
angle,
h
=
angle
∠AOB
The
hour
angle
varies
from
00
to
3600
in
one
rota,on.
Since
it
takes
24
clock
hours
for
one
rota,on,
each
clock
hour
of
,me
is
equal
to
150
of
hour
angle.
For
example,
at
10
A.M.
(solar
,me)
the
hour
angle
is
3300
• Hour
angle
is
based
on
Local
Solar
,me
• LStT
is
the
local
standard
,me,
LSM
is
the
local
standard
,me
meridian
and
LON
is
the
local
longitude
• A
civil
day
is
exactly
equal
to
24
hours,
whereas
a
solar
day
is
approximately
equal
to
24
hours.
This
varia,on
is
called
as
Equa,on
of
Time
(EOT)
• (EOT)
is
available
as
average
values
for
different
months
of
the
year
and
can
be
calculated
through
the
following
equa,on
• Declina/on,
d:
It
shows
the
day
of
the
year
• The
declina,on
is
the
angle
between
the
line
joining
the
center
of
the
earth
and
sun
and
its
projec,on
on
the
equatorial
plane,
the
angle
between
line
OO’
and
line
OB;
declina/on,
d
=
angle∠
O'OB
• For
northern
hemisphere,
the
declina,on
varies
from
about
+23.5
on
June
21
(summer
sols,ce)
to
-‐23.5
on
December
21
(December
21st).
• The
declina,on
can
be
calculated
approximately
using
the
following
equa,on
• Capital
N
days
of
year
with
value
=
1
at
Jan
ist