Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic

Meaning in t e x t is created in the relation

of paradigmatic elements and
syntagmatic order.

Paradigmatic is selective in nature

represented in system network of vertical
relations—’is a kind of’ relation,
system Syntagmatci is combinative in nature
represented in horizontal order—’is a part
of’, structure 
 System Network of Process

m at er ial go, do, walk… 

pr im ar y m en t al
know, like, see, want… 
Process relational
BE, become, have, seem… 

behavioural sleep. smile, die, bow… 

secon dar y verbal say, tel, ask, order… 

existential
t here+ BE, come, lie, go… 

Delicacy
 System Network of Cicumstance

spatial
locat ion
temporal
ex t ent

m an n er
cause
Circumstance
conting
ency

role
m at t er

accomp
animen
t
 System Network of Speech Function

  
Giving
Statement
ROLES

SPEECH Demanding Question

FUNCTION

Information Offer 
COMMODITY

Goods & Services Command

Suggestion
 System Network of Mood

I NDI CATI VE
TYP Declar at iv e
E
indicative Subject Λ Finite
MOOD
TYPE + MooD interrogative
m aj or
( + Fin it e
STATUS +Predicator +
Subject
clause )imperative y es/ n o
m in or
Finite Λ Subject
I NERROGATI VE
TYPE

W
H
-

+
 Cline of Instantiation
context of situation

Institution—situation t yp e

in st an ce

context of culture

subpotential—instance t yp e

t ex t
potential

repertoir of register – t e x t t ype

system (of language)

 System and Structure

Sreypsrtesme niset pda irna dsiygsmet amti

cn ient wnoatrukre
Sretprurectsuernet esi d siny notradgemr a(stitcr uni c
tnuareut arend
collocation)

Text is the product or instance of system

network
 Plane of Content and Expression

The protolanguage microfunction or proto-

microfunction is the plane of content or
meaning plane. They are elastic like
rubber and are potential for development.
The proto-microfunction is coded by
phonetic/kinetic interface such as v.h.p.s
( v e r y high-pitched squeak [do…do ] )  

Proto-microfunction
Phonetic/kinetic representation
 Semogenesis
The protolinguistic redundancy evolves to
metaredundancy of the adult language.

The protolanguage: bi-stratal evolves to t r i -

stratal (potentially n-strata). Evolution
o
al fnguage or semohistory covers

1. Phylogenetics ( how meaning evolve in the

system)
2. Ontogenetics (ho w it develop in
individuals)
 Bi-and Tri-Stratal

Content Plane
(Semantics) Expression Plane

(phonetic/kinetic coding)

Phonology
Semantics Lexicogram m ar
Metaredundancy

s t u

p q r

l m n

a b c
 Metaredundancy (cont)
General semiotics: bi-stratal

Language semiotics: tristratal — p q

e
r rdounds not with l m n bu t with the
redundancy of l m n wi th a b c.
(semantics-lexicogrammar-
phonology)
p q r (l m n a b c)
s t u (p q r (l m n a b c))
 SEMIOTICS OF BUNGA

< bu n ga>
[bµŋΛ]

anak gadis
sast r a
 Language and Social Context

   IDEOLOGY

GENRE

REGISTER

TEXT
 Metaredundancy (cont)
((p q r l m n) a b c

(s t u (p q r (l m n a b c)))

Ideology (Genre ( Regist er ( Sem ant ics

(Lex.Grammar Phonology))))
((((Ideology Genre) Register) Semantics)
Lex.Grammar) Phonology
 Realization and Instantiation
Realization: interstratal
Instantiation: intrastratal

Realizat ion: Field I deat ional

Instantiation: Declarative I w e n t t o the

library.
Realization of meaning is not biunique
rather one to m a n y
 System Network
a
1. x
a or b

2. x ap
 A b
aq
y p bp

q
bq
 Realization and Instantiation
Field (Science)

Paratactic
Taxis

Logical Hypotactic
Funct ion Elaboration =
a X
Logicosem an t ic Ex pan sion Extension + b
Relation
Enhancement X
Locution ―
dIe a
Pr oj ect ion ‘ 
 Realization and Instantiation (cont)

a Xb

1. The rails extends because they are

heated by the sun beam
2. Iron, copper, zinc, water and other
metals are called conductor because

they pass on electric current.

 SPEECH FUNCTIONS
  
Giving
Statement
ROLES

SPEECH Demanding Question

FUNCTION

Information Offer 
COMMODITY

Goods & Services Command

Suggestion
 Knowledge

Constructivism
Knowledge: num ber of links between
 ‘meaning’ and expression 
Hydrogen monoxide

1. Dapat m e m b u a t kematian jika tertelan

2. Dapat m e m b a k a r kulit dalam bent uk gas
3. Menjadi unsur u t a m a hu ja n asam
4. Dapat merusak r e m mobil
5. Dapat m e m b u a t orang m u n t a h
 Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic

Meaning in te x t is created in the relation

of paradigmatic elements and
syntagmatic order.

Paradigmatic is selective in nature

represented in system network of
vertical
relations—’is a kind of’ relation,
system Syntagmatci is combinative in nature
represented in horizontal order—’is a part
 Metaphor and Metonymy
Relation between ‘meaning’ and
expression is incongruently coded in
metaphor or m e t o n y m y.

Metaphor: relocation, displacement,

comparison
M e t o n y m y : part-whole relation
 System Network

I NDI CATI VE
TYP Declar at iv e
E
indicative Subject Λ Finite
MOOD
TYPE + MooD interrogative
m aj or
( + Fin it e
STATUS +Predicator +
Subject
imperative
clause ) y es/ n o
m in or
Finite Λ Subject
I NERROGATI VE
TYPE

W
H
-
 Cline of Instantiation
context of situation

Institution—situation t yp e

in st an ce

context of culture

subpotential—instance t yp e

t ex t
potential

repertoir of register – t e x t t ype

system (of language)