Paradigmatic and Syntagmat

Syntagmatic
ic

Meaning in text is created in the relation

of paradigmatic elements and
syntagmatic order.

Paradigmatic is selective in nature

represented in system network of vertical
relations—’is a kind of’ relation, system 
relations—’is system 
Syntagmatic is combinative in nature
represented in horizontal order—’is
order—’is a part
of’, structure 
structure 
 

System Network of Process

material go, do, walk… 

walk… 

primary mental
know, like, see, want… 
want… 
Process relational
BE, become, have, seem… 
seem… 

behavioural sleep. smile, die, bow…

bow…  
secondary verbal say, tel, ask, order…
order… 

existential
there+BE, come, lie, go… 
go… 

Delicacy
 

System Network of Cicumstance

spatial
location
temporal
extent

manner
cause
Circumstance
contingency

role
matter

accompaniment

angle
Delicacy
 

System Network of Speech Function

  
Giving
Statement
ROLES

SPEECH Demanding Question

FUNCTION

Information Offer 
COMMODITY

Goods & Services Command

Suggestion
 

System Network of Mood

INDICATIVE
TYPE Declarative
indicative
Subject Λ Finite
MOOD
TYPE + MooD interrogative
major (+Finite
+ Subject)
STATUS +Predicator
imperative
clause yes/no
minor
Finite Λ Subject
INERROGATIVE
TYPE

WH-

+Wh
Wh Λ Finite
Delicacy
 

Cline of Instantiation
context of situation

Institution—
Institution—situation type

instance

context of culture

subpotential—
subpotential—instance type

text
potential

repertoir of register –text type

system (of language)

 

System and Structure

System is paradigmatic
represented in nature
in system network

Structure
representedis syntagmatic in nature
in order (structure and
collocation)

Text is the product or instance of system

network

Realization is inter-stratal relation

 

Plane of Content and Expression

The protolanguage microfunction or proto-

microfunction
microfunction is the plane of content or
meaning plane. They are elastic like
rubber and are potential for development.
The proto-microfunction is coded by
phonetic/kinetic interface such as v.h.p.s
(very high-pitched
high-pitched squeak [do…do ])
])  

Proto-microfunction
Phonetic/kinetic representation
 

Semogenesis
The protolinguistic redundancy evolves to
metaredundancy
metaredunda ncy of the adult language.

The protolanguage: bi-stratal evolves to tri-

stratal (potentially n-strata). Evolution of 
language or semohistory covers

1. Phylogenetics (how meaning evolve in the

system)
2. Ontogenetics (how it develop in individuals)
3. Logogenetics
Logogenetics (how it unfolds in text)
 

Bi-and Tri-Stratal

Content Plane
(Semantics) Expression Plane

(phonetic/kinetic coding)

Phonology
Semantics Lexicogrammar
 

Metaredundancy

s t u

p q r

l m n

a b c
 

Metaredundancy
Metaredundancy (cont)
General semiotics: bi-stratal

Language semiotics: tristratal — p q r 

r 
redounds not with l m n but with the
redundancy of l
of l m n with a b c.
(semantics-lexicogrammar-
phonology)
pq r (l m n a b c)
s t u (p q r (l m n a b c))
 

SEMIOTICS OF BUNGA

<bunga>
[bµŋΛ
[bµŋΛ]]

anak gadis
sastra
 

Language and Social Context

   IDEOLOGY

GENRE

REGISTER

TEXT
 

Metaredund
Metaredundancy
ancy (cont)
((p q r l m n) a b c

(s t u (p q r (l m n a b c)))

Ideology (Genre (Register (Semantics

(Lex.Grammar Phonology))))

((((Ideology Genre) Register) Semantics)

((((Ideology
Lex.Grammar) Phonology
 

Realization and Instantiation

Realization: interstratal
Instantiation:: intrastratal
Instantiation

Realization: Field Ideational

Instantiation: Declarative I went to the

library.
Realization of meaning is not biunique
rather one to many
 

System Network
a
1. x
a or b

2. x ap
 A b
p aq
y bp

q
bq
 

Realization and Instantiation

Field (Science)

Paratactic
Taxis

Logical Hypotactic
Function Elaboration =
aX b
Logicosemantic Expansion Extension +
Relation Enhancement X
Locution ― 
― 
Projection Idea ‘ 
‘ 
 

Realization and Instantiation (cont)

aXb

1.The rails extends because they are

heated by the sun beam
2. Iron, copper, zinc, water and other
metals are called conductor because

they pass on electric current.

 

SPEECH FUNCTIONS
  
Giving
Statement
ROLES

SPEECH Demanding Question

FUNCTION

Information Offer 
COMMODITY

Goods & Services Command

Suggestion
 

Knowledge

Constructivism
Knowledge: number of links between
 ‘meaning’ and expression 
expression 
Hydrogen monoxide

1. Dapat membuat kematian jika tertelan

2. Dapat membakar kulit dalam bentuk gas
3. Menjadi unsur utama hujan asam
4. Dapat merusak rem mobil
5. Dapat membuat orang muntah
 

Paradigmatic and Syntagmat

Syntagmatic
ic

Meaning in text is created in the relation

of paradigmatic elements and
syntagmatic order.

Paradigmatic is selective in nature

represented in system network of vertical
relations—’is a kind of’ relation, system 
relations—’is system 
Syntagmatic is combinative in nature
represented in horizontal order—’is
order—’is a part
of’, structure 
structure 
 

Metaphor and Metonymy

Relation between ‘meaning’ and
expression is incongruently coded in
metaphor or metonymy.

Metaphor: relocation, displacement,

comparison
Metonymy: part-whole relation
 

System Network

INDICATIVE
TYPE Declarative
indicative
Subject Λ Finite
MOOD
TYPE + MooD interrogative
major (+Finite
+ Subject)
STATUS +Predicator
imperative
clause yes/no
minor
Finite Λ Subject
INERROGATIVE
TYPE

WH-

+Wh
Wh Λ Finite
Delicacy
 

Cline of Instantiation
context of situation

Institution—
Institution—situation type

instance

context of culture

subpotential—
subpotential—instance type

text
potential

repertoir of register –text type

system (of language)