MIND MAPPING OF GRAMMAR

CLASS : X SSC EXAMINATION PREPARATION SUB: ENGLISH.

Prepared by : R. Kalyani, S.A (Eng) P. Sathaiah S.A (Eng)
PAPER - I
QUESTION: (13 – 17) MISSING

WORDS
EXCESS

ORDER

PRESENT
VERB FORMS /
TENSES PAST

FUTURE

A /AN
ARTICLES
ERROR
SENTENCES THE

ACTIVE
VOICE

PASSIVE

PERSON
AGREEMENTS

NUMBER

REPORTING VERB
REPORTED
SPEECH
REPORTING CONJUCTION
CONJUNCT

CASES SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE

(LIVING THINGS)

PERFECTIVE
ASPECTS

PROGRESSIVE

PREFIX
FORMOF
WORDS
SUFFIX

PREPOSITIONS IN, ON, AT, OF, BY, UNDER, ABOVE ETC………

1
PAPER – I
QUESTION (18 – 22)
Thorough reading of textual passages like A, B, C

Concentrate on form of words like nouns, verb forms.

Choosing the right word given
from the box
Meaningful words

Order of words

PAPER – I
QUESTION (23 – 27)

Synonyms
Rewrite the underlined Antonyms
words as directed. Right form of word
Thorough reading of textual passages like A, B, C

PAPER – I
QUESTION (28) MAJOR DISCOURSES:

I.
STORY/ NARRATIVE

FEATURES TIPS
 To entertain ,hold the
 PLOT : Events going to happen ..
 SETTINGS : Place and time….
reader`s interest, to convey
 CHARACTERISATION: moral …….
Main characters and their  Follow the format:
appearance.  Title – simple to
 STRUCTURE : understand
 Introduction – who?  Introduction –
Where? When? opening line –catch the
 Problem – Complication
involves the main
reader`s attention.
characters.  Body – clear about the
 Resolution – resolved for purpose
better or worse / happy or  Conclusion – provide
sad ending resolution
 THEME : Message to
 Moral.
communicate the readers.

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II. CONVERSATION

FEATURES GRAMMATICAL TIPS

 Dialogues with ten  Tenses
exchanges.  Subject- verb agreement.
 Sequential order – Ideas are  Types of sentences:
expressed in proper order.
interrogative/ declarative.
 Adding useful exchanges and
ideas.  Imperatives.
 … not ended abruptly.  Contractions – don`t/ I`ve/
 … involving or including won`t
others.  Discourse markers: I mean/
 Expressions and features You know/ Oh actually/
depicting social norms : frankly….
Politeness/ relationship/
 Punctuation marks.
willingness
 Include few short responses:  Linkers like – but/ now/
it`s good idea/ I’m not somehow/ anyhow…
particular/ great thing….
 Use dialogues apt to the
context.
 Well- formed sentences.

III
OBJECT – What? Where PLACE – Location?
is it found? Colour? Size? Images? Sensory
Shape? Used? perceptions? Importance?
Tourism?

EVENTS: What?
PERSON ---Details Who? Where?
What? Physical attributes.
Social statues, achievements,
DESCRIPTION The persons or things
involved? Order of
contributions… events? images?

LANGUAGE DETAILS:
PROCESS: What is it Tenses
for? Figurative expressions –
Things involved? simile, Metaphor,
Sequence… proper word forms
Personal reflections,
Variety of sentences.

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 IV. DRAMA SCRIPT / PLAY

CONSISTS OF: LANGUAGE DETAILS:

 DIALOGUES  Dialogues relevant to context

 Discourse markers like well/ actually/
STAGE anyhow etc…
DIRECTIONS
(should be written in  Proper form of words like pronouns…..
brackets)  Tenses..
 Speaking character`s name at the left
hand side of the page.
 Better to write in capital letters with
colon(:)
 Present tense….
 Question tags

LAYOUT OF SCRIPT  Linkers

 Use dialogue to contrast types of
 Title: --
speakers
 Scene: Where and When?
 Do not always speak in same way.
 Characters:
 Accent and tone should differ in different
 Brief explanation about them at the start.
situations.
 Details of their age, occupation etc.. in brief.
 Late entered character to be introduced by
‘ENTER’
 ‘EXIT’ if the character leaves.
 Plot :
 Introduction
 Problem
 Resolution
 Dialogues: (he/she)
 Where from?
 Age?
 Kind of person?
 Mood
 Talking to?

4
V At least five exchanges.
( 5 question )
Proper introduction
(Congratulations sir whole world is proud of you.)
Relevant to context.
( Noble prize winner….)
Discourse markers—so, whereas, really….
(Okay then, tell me about your childhood?)
Well formed sentence.
INTERVIEW ( I was born on ………)
Appropriate language.
(It`s a great recognition and honor for millions of….)
Appropriate questions
(How do you feel after being honored?)
Framing questions relevance to the responses
(It`s a great recognition and honor for millions of…..)
Sequence in interaction.
(Congrats..,feelings.., birth details….work…….)
Proper ending
(Thank you very much for giving an opportunity to …….)

CHOREOGRAPHY SCRIPT
VI.
FEATURES:
 Identification of the main theme and stanza wise themes.
 Identifying manifestation of the theme as instances/ events taken from real life.
 Identifying the characters involved in the events and their actions.
 Creating the setting through the actions of the chorus.
 Sequencing the actions.
 Maintaining proper layout of the script.
 Using appropriate expressions for capturing the actions and movements of the characters and the chorus.
FORMAT
 Title :
 Theme/themes :
 Location :
 Characters :
 Instances :
 Sequences :

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 Choreography Script
1. Name of the poem : Another Women
2. Title : A Woman`s sufferings at in-law`s house.
3. Characters : Scene – I and III
Involved A woman, mother-in-law,
Scene – II
Vendor, Two or three people in the market.
The chorus for setting the location
4. Locations : Scene-I : in the house
Scene – II : the market.
Scene – III: in the kitchen.
5. The theme / themes : Scene I :
1) The hardship of the woman as a house keeper.
2) The impolite relationship between the woman
and her mother-in-law.
Scene II:
1) The woman`s attentiveness towards the money given to her.
2) The woman suppresses her desires for sake of mother-in-laws.
Scene III:
1) The helplessness of the woman.
2) Being afraid of her mother-in-law.
6. Instances: Scene I:
1) The woman does all the household works.
2) She bears the mother-in-law`s harsh words.
3) She obeys every word of in-laws.
Scene II:
1) She goes to market and buys the vegetables.
2) She returns home in a fear of her mother-in-law.
3) She scarifies her desire of buying radish.
Scene III:
1) Being afraid of mother-in-law, she rushes home.
2) She works fast in the kitchen
3) Her mother-in-law scolds her for no reason.
4) She bears her words as if defending from the stove heat.
7. Sequence of action:
Scene I:
 The chorus enters the stage and makes a setting of house.
 The woman dusts the furniture.
 The mother-in-law comes out from her room and scolds the woman.
 The woman tolerates her words helplessly.
 She scolds her for delaying the preparation of lunch.
 She commands her to go out and get the vegetables soon.
 The woman goes out.
 The chorus leaves the stage.
Scene II :
 The chorus enters the stage and makes a setting of market.
 Two vegetable vendors sit on the ground and sell the vegetables.
 Two people buy vegetables.
 Two people enter the market and the other two exit.
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  The woman enters the market.
 She chooses menthe and bargains with the vendor.
 She looks at radish, which makes her feel crunching.
 She places it back and pays money for the vegetables she bought.
 She collects the vegetables and moves towards home.
 The chorus and all others leave the stage,
Scene III:
 The chorus enters the stage and makes the setting of kitchen.
 The woman enters the house and reaches the kitchen.
 The mother-in-law comes from her room and starts shouting on the woman for being late.
 The woman cuts vegetables silently in a hurry.
 The woman places pot on the stove.
 The mother-in-law comes closer and scolds her .
 The woman goes on working with tears in her eyes.
 The chorus clears the stage.
Message : A daughter-in-law is also a daughter.
Every mother-in-law should treat her daughter-in-law as her daughter.

PAPER – I MINOR DISCOURSES

QUESTION (29)

I. DIARY ENTRY

25th December2016, -------- Date

Sunday, --------------- Day
Time: 9.30 p.m ------------- Time.

Dear Diary. ----------------Opening.

I am sad. I am distressed . I think I had no purpose in living. What should I do without limbs? I
can`t tolerate this mentally and physically anymore. Andrew calls me stump.
I have become burden to my parents. I wish I wasn`t born. God! Why did you make me
different from all others? Why was I born without limbs? …………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Then I thought there might be some purpose in my birth. Then I felt guilty. These thoughts
made me stop killing myself……………. I`ll prove myself. I`ll find out the purpose of God in making
me a torso.

Nick Vujicic.

FEATURES:
 Express personal reflections/ thoughts/ feelings : I am sad….I`ll prove myself….
 Use appropriate language to the mood. : I wish I wasn`t born….
 Self criticism & future plans : Then I felt guilty….. I`ll find out the purpose……
 Coherence : I, myself, my …….etc
 Well formed structure.
 Mostly simple past tense

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II.
FORMAT NOTICE

Name of the organization / office issuing the notice.

Date NOTICE
Heading
Attention please… / Dear students…

……………………………… body of the notice……………………..

Signature
Name
Designation

FEATURES:
 5 Ws :
 What is going to happen? (the event)
 Where it will take place? (venue)
 When it will take place? ( date, time )
 Whom it is related to? (persons related)
 Whom to contact? ( issuing authority)
 Most important points to be mentioned.
 Any other details given in the question.(A.O.D) TOURS/EXHIBITIONS:
 Can add extra information. Name:
 Short and grammatically accurate. Occasion:
Venue:
MEETING: EVENTS: Objectives:
Date: Name: information/
Time: Purpose: awareness/
Venue: Date: time/ Duration: invitation
Purpose: Date/Time
Venue:
Beginning / Conclusion:
Specific instructions: Eligibilities: Duration : from….to….
Contact address. Contact address: Contact address. :

III. FORMAT
MESSAGE GUIDELINES:
DATE:
 Relevant context
TIME
 MENTION DATE &TIME
DEAR……
………………CONTENT &  RECIPIENT
MESSSAGE
LANGUAGE…………..  SALUTATION
 Who called?
 Who did the caller ask for  ONLY IMPORTANT POINTS
 What did he/she want?  LIMITED WORDS
 Purpose/time/condition
 Instruction/ requirement

WRITER`S NAME &

SIGNATURE:

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 MIND MAPPING OF GRAMMAR
CLASS : X SSC EXAMINATION PREPARATION SUB: ENGLISH
PAPER - II
QUESTION: (16 – 18)

I. RELATIVE introduced by who (people)

Modifies the antecedent CLAUSES RELATIVE Whose (possessive)
PRONOUNS Whom (possessive)
Which (thing)
Eg; The man who is catching When (time)
fish is my uncle Where (place)
That (things & people)
in defining only.

DEFINING NON - DEFINING

Gives essential information > Gives extra information

No comma > Separated by commas
(Who, which, that in sub) can be omitted > Sentence can be understood even without
(Whose, whom can`t be omitted & replaced relative clause.
by ‘that’) > Can`t omit Relative pronoun.
 (Who, which, that in object) can`t be omitted. > Can`t use ‘that’
 Eg: The fish we had in dinner was delicious. > Eg: My uncle, who lives in Hyderabad,
(fish is subject ….. so which/that omitted) is a doctor.
 He gave me a book which/that I read twice.
( book is object of sentence ...can`t omit)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
II.
‘by’ as agent. Omits object in
VOICE Changes subject to object…
case of subject unknown eg:
everyone, somebody

ACTIVE PASSIVE
(Subject is doing the action) (Subject is beingEacted upon receiving the action)

Simple present Sub + V1 + object Object + is/ am/ are + V3 + by+ sub.
Simple past Sub + V2 + object Object + was/were + V3 + by + sub

Simple Future Sub + will/shall + V1 + object Object + will/shall + be + V3 + by+ sub

Present Sub + am/is/are + V 4 (ing) + object Object + am/is/are + being + V3 + by + sub

continuous
Past continuous Sub + was/ were + V4 (ing) + object Object + was/ were + being + V3 + by + sub

Present perfect Sub + have/has + V3 + object Object + have/has + been + V3 + by + Sub

Past perfect Sub + had+ V3 + object Object + had + been + V3 + by + Sub

Future perfect Sub + will/shall +have+ V3 + object Object + will/shall +have+ been + V3 + by+ sub

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 Sentence Active voice Passive voice

Assertive He opens the door The door is opened by him

They elected him leader. He was elected leader.(by them)

Imperative Open the door Let the door be opened

Interrogative Did he open the door? Was the door opened by him?
When did he open the door? When was the door opened by him?
Modal He must meet her. She must be met by him.

Eg: He opens the door

The door is opened by him

III. (It`s time + Simple past verb………)

to express something Adjectives like high, quite, … are Simple past is used to express the
should be done & it`s used to make the feeling strong. action to be done.
already late.

Eg: It`s high time we prepared our students for their final examination.

IV .
TENSES CHART

TENSES PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Subject+V1 + object Subject +V2 + object Subject + will/ shall + V1 +

SIMPLE object
Subject + have/has + V3 Subject + had + V3 + Subject + will/shall + have +
PERFECT + object object V3 + object
Subject + am/is/are + V4 Subject + was/were+ V4 Subject + will/shall + be + V4
CONTINUOUS (ing) + object (ing) + object (ing) + object

PERFECT Subject + have/has +been Subject + had + Subject + will/shall + have

CONTINUOUS + V4(ing) + object been+V4(ing) + object +been+ V4(ing) + object

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 TENSES USAGE CHART

TENSES USE TIME

SIMPLEPRESENT  Habits/hobbies  Daily

 Things that are always true  Monthly
 Future fixed actions  Everyday
 Many days.
SIMPLE PAST  past action or event  yesterday
 refers present time with words like  last week
wanted, wondered…  last month
 after condition ’if’ to express  in 1980….
imagination.. Once up on a time.

 Action in progress now  Now

PRESENT  Temporary action  At the moment
CONTINUOUS  Future agreements  Today
 To night
 This week.
PAST  Action in progress in the past  While
CONTINUOUS  Action somewhere in past went on….  When

 Past action with no definite time.  Just, recently, never, ever…

PRESENT  Action begin in the past & continue to  Often, so far….
PERFECT present moment(linking use)
 Past action ..results seen in
present(evident)
 Past event which to place before another  After (past perfect)
PAST PERFECT past event.  Before (simple past)
 When (simple past)
PRESENT  Emphasize the duration of an event that  For, since, so far, in all my
PERFECT begins in the past and lasts up to the life,from…
CONTINUOUS present..

PAST PERFECT  Emphasize the duration of a past even that  For, since, so far, in all my
CONTINUOUS took place before another event life

SIMPLE PAST When the action was completed in past I went to movie yesterday.

When one action interrupts other action, past When I was watering plants, my friend
PAST continuous is used for longer action. came to me.
CONTINUOUS

When two actions happened in the past with When I reached the movie , tickets had
PAST PERFECT enough time in between, past perfect is used already closed.
for first action.

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V.

SPEECH

DIRECT INDIRECT
Speech or thought in its original form also called reported speech

Phrased by original speaker Original words changed to

suit the context of the reporter
Enclosed in quotation marks. not enclosed in quotations

Reporting verb Reported verb time.

He said, “I am unwell today.”

Pronoun
Reporting sentence Reported sentence

Changes in Reporting Sentences: (Reporting verb)

Say –say (no change) Statements Says --says (no change)

Say to ----- tell Says to ---- tells

Said ----- said Said to ----- told

Say/say to – inquire Says /says to –

Questions inquires /asks/
/ask/question
questions

Said / said to ---inquired /

asked / questioned

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 Say/say to --- Says /says to ----
command / order / Imperative commands / orders /
request/wish sentence requests /wishes

Said / said to --- commanded /

ordered / requested/wished

Say/say to— Exclamatory Says /says to ---

exclaim /praise sentence exclaims / praises

Said / said to ----

exclaimed / praised

Reporting
conjunction
Imperative
Statement -- sentence-- to
that

Exclamatory -
Yes / no – that
Wh –question
question- - if
no rep.conj
/ whether

Changes in Reported sentence verb (tenses):

Past
Simple Simple Present
continuous
present past continuous
(Was / were)
(V1) (V2) (Am /is/ are)

Present Present perfect Past perfect

Past perfect
perfect Continuous Continuous
(had + V3)
(Have / has) (have /has been) (had been)

 Though the reporting verb is in past tense the verb form of reported speech doesn`t change in case of
‘universal facts, morals and general truths’

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 CHANGES IN MODALS
DIRECT INDIRECT Changes in adverbs of time and place
Can Could DIRECT INDIRECT
May Might This That
These Those
Will Would
Here There
Shall Should Hence Thence
Must Must Hither Thither
Now Then
Have to Had to
Ago Before
Ought to Ought to Thus So
Need to Needed to Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The previous day
The day before yesterday The day before the
previous day
Last week /month / year The previous week/
month / year

 The pronouns in the reported sentence changes depending on the pronouns in the
reporting sentence.
 If the first person pronoun in the reported sentences changes according to the subject of
the reporting sentence
 The second person pronoun in the reported sentence changes according to the object of
the reporting sentence.
 The third person pronoun in the reported sentence does not change.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THEIR FORMS

Eg: She said to me, “You have just met me.” We said to them, “Kill all the man-eaters.”
She told me that I had just met her. We ordered them to kill all the man-eaters.

Raju said to Ravi, “Is Ramu in the calss?” She said, “What a beautiful flower it is!”
Raju asked Ravi if Ramu was in the class. She said that the flower was beautiful.

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VI ARTICLES

INDEFINITE DEFINITE
OMISSION:
 Before proper nouns THE
A  Abstract & material
AN nouns
NN  Words like woman, COUNTABLE
NN society..
CONSONANT &
NVOWEL  Names of diseases,
UNCOUNTABLE
N games & sports..
 Relations
 languages
 certain expressions…

VII. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

ZERO PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE

CONDITIONAL

Eg: If you stand in the rain, you get wet.

If you heat ice, it melts.

USES : Facts which are generally true or scientific. Always have same results.

FIRST If + subject + V1 + object Subject +Will / won`t + V1 + object

CONDITIONAL
Eg: If you work hard, you will pass.

USES: Possible situation in the future. May or may not happen

SECOND If + subject + V2 + object Sub + would / wouldn`t + V1 + object

CONDITIONAL
Eg: If I won the lottery, I would travel round the world.

USES: Hypothetical or unlikely situation. Unreal or imaginary

THIRD If + subject + had / hadn`t + V3 + Sub + would /wouldn`t +have +V3

CONDITION object + object
AL
Eg: If I had worked hard, I wouldn`t have failed in the examination.

USES: Person imagines a different past, that doesn`t happen

. (Unfulfilled action)

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VIII.
VERBS

FINITE NON - FINITE

ACTION LINKING AUXILARY INFINITIVE GERUNDS PARTICIPLES

To+ V1 Verb - ing ed /en form
form

CLAUSE

FINITE NON - FINITE

MAIN CLAUSE + SUB ORDINATE SUB ORDINATE

THAT ADVERBIAL WH - CLAUSE

CLAUSE CLAUSE

FORM & OMISSION COMPLEMENTIZER

FUNCTION

1) Bare –infinitive 1) Often miss subject or direct

1) For
Eg: walk object
2) To – infinitive. 2) Controlled pronoun =
missing pronoun in subject 2) Wh-
Eg: to walk
or object that indicated in infinitives
3) Ing- participle
main clause
Eg: Walking is a
good exercise.
3) Indefinite pronoun =
missing indefinite subject
4) Ed/ en participle
/object.
Eg: walked.

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IX.
NOUN ADVERB

ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION
PARTS OF SPEECH
PRONOUN CONJUNCTION
.
INTERJECTION
VERB

PROPER
(Raju,Kamala)
COMPOUND
(blackboard) CONCRET
(Sun, heat)

ABSTRACT NOUN
(love, beauty) COMMON
(names) ( Teacher, Girl)

COLLECTIVE
(flock, herd)

TIME
(before, after,as)

MANNNER
(like, as, as CONDITION
if..) (if, whether..)
ADVERB
( explains verb,
adjective &
adverb)
REASON
(because, that, PURPOSE
as, since…) (so that,inorder
that lest)
PLACE
(where)

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 TIME PLACE
(in, on, at, since, ( in on at..)
for…)

DIRECTION TIME
(to, towards, PREPOSITION (in,on, at, since,
into..) for…)

POSITION
( at, in, between,
among…)

Combining the sentences:

Neither First nor Second Verb Not only ….. but also
subject subject (according Neither…. nor..
Either or to nearest Either …. or..
subject)
nor Hardly… when…
Scarcely.. when..
or
No sooner… than..
Not only but also Lest… should..
Superior to..
Inferior to..
Senior to..
Junior to..
Prefer to..
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX SENTENCES…
SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX
In spite of but, yet, however nevertheless although, though, even though

Because of, on account of, owing and so, hence, therefore because, as, since
to, V1 +ing
On… V1+ing and when
In case of, in the event, and and, then, if

In the case of not therefore, or, else unless

In addition to, besides not only… but also as well as
Soon after, immediately after and at once as soon as
Too…. to and so…that, not…

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PAPER II.
QUESTION (33) – MAJOR DISCOURSE

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

FEATURES INDICATORS
 Name..
 Presenting the details of the  Date of birth..
person  Place of birth..
 Presenting relevant ideas  Nationality..
and information  Education…
 Organizing the information  Parents…
in order  If possible siblings…
 Including reflections,  Alma mater (school,
thoughts and feelings college..)
 Quote anecdotes(funny  Occupation..
incidents) events,  Known for..
achievements.  Religion (if possible)
 Cohesive devises.  Achievements..
 Well formed structure.  Awards…

ESSAY

GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS FEATURES

 Tenses – according to  Title

 Thesis statement
context. (introduction)
 Sequential order of  Body and conclusion
 Proper division of
expressions paragraph
 Appropriate vocabulary  Supporting examples
 Organization of ideas
 Error free language  Proper use of
 Well- formed sentences. pronouns/linkers.
 presenting idea in a proper
way.

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 LETTER

LAY OUT:
PERSONAL LETTER FORMAL LETTER
Date….. From:
Place…. Name:
………
Dear friend/ mother…. ………
To
Name:
Body of the letter ……..
 Well wishes ………
 Purpose Sir,
 Regards Sub: ………………………….

Body of the letter

 Purpose…
Yours lovingly,  Conclusion…
xxxxxx
Address on
Envelop
Name: Yours faithfully.
H. no: xxxxxxx
Village:
Dist:

FEATURES:
 Appropriate language to the context.
 Appropriate format, layout
 Appropriate conventions (salutation, endorsement…)
 Expressing ideas sequentially.
 Appropriate usage of pronouns linkers…
 Reflecting relationship.
 Using well- formed sentences..

REPORT / NEWS REPORT

FEATURES FORMAT TIPS

 Record of sequence of  Clear and simple
 accurate actions. language.
 Interpretation of these  Short sentences
 concise
events or facts  Develop each
 clear  Evaluation of the paragraph
facts  Use active rather than
 well structured
 Discussion of the passive.
outcomes.  Good grammar and
 Conclusion punctuation.
 recommendations

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 STATING THE
CONTEXT OF THE
REVIEW
( story / film )

MAKING COHERENCE
PERSONAL
IMPRESSION
REVIEW
BREVITY

AUTHENTICITY HIGHLIGHTING
& COMMENTING
(characters / theme /
setting / events )

PAPER II.
QUESTION (34) – MINOR DISCOURSE

I.
POSTER

FORMAT
 Title
 Author(s)
 Introduction
 Objective
 Material &
methods
 Results
 Conclusion
 Acknowledgement

21
 INVITATION

TIPS

 Express event details

 Occasion
 Purpose
 Appropriate format
 Layout
 Design
 Brevity
 Persuasive language
 Well formed sentences
 Invitee details

PROFILE

FEATURES INDICATORS

 Necessary details of  Name:

the person  Date of birth
 Relevant ideas  Personality
 Organization of data  Creativity
 Appropriate cohesive  Achievements
 Well formed  Awards
sentences  Message
 Brief note

*****BEST OF LUCK*****
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