Level of analysis

Context of situations and its components

Field: What?

Phonetics: Quality of sounds.The study of human sounds

Tenor: who?

Phonology:Function of sounds. The classi cation of the Mode: how?

sounds within the system of a language

Cohesion: what makes a text its

Prosody:The patterns of stress and intonation in a
communicative e ectiveness. The way in
language. Rhythm, emphasis, pitch.

which the stitches connect forming a design

Lexicon: Word choice

Coherence: gramm and lexical linking that

Morphology: Word shape

holds a text toghtr. How the design appears

Syntax: How words combine

at last

Semantics: Meaning

Context: the fabric onto which the design

Pragmatics: Information. Language in use and the
has been shaped
contexts in which it is used.

Deictis: linguistic material carrying out the

*Channel: The means of transmission of communication

function. (Words with a pointing function, to

• Aural-> telephone conv, broadcast, podcast

refer to items on a text or extr ling context.

• Visual->novels,ads, web pages

Deixis: the function

• Audiovisual -> face to face, videos, lms

-spatial deixis, Time d., Personal d.

*Medium? The means of communication

Can refer to

• written text (Visual channel) -> novels..

-endophoric: into the linguistic context (he

• Spoken text ( audiovisual channel, aural channel)

may lost his keys)

• Written to be spoken ( audiovisual chann, aural chann

-exophoric: extralinguistic context (you can tun

• Multimodal text ( audiovisual chan)

IT o )

*Nature

-anaphoric: pointing BACKward in the text

• monologic-> monologues

-cataphoric pointing FORward

• Dialogic -> conv, onscreen dialogues

• Prepared or semi prep.-> narratives, commercials, lms

Features of speech

• Spontaneous-> conversation
Ellipsis: syntactic

Silence: prosodic

Malone’s strategies
Puns: pragmatic
MICRO LEVEL
Written text’s features

• Equation: ioan words (adapted or not), • sentence structure and complexity,lexical density,
Calques, literal translation
vocabulary, linking words

• Substitution: no morph-sintactic
• Recurring formulae (OUAT), verbs tenses, vocabulary
• Reordering: invert the order

• Reduction: omitting information

Speech acts

• Ampli cation: adding information

Locution: the act, what is said, namely, the actual
• Condensation: omitting items at structural words of the message

level without change the semantic level

Illocution: force, intention, what the speaker
• Di usion:expanding information with no means to convey and what is doing

semantic changes (greater elabor.)

Perlocution: the e ect, the reaction

• DIVERGENCE: many options from the TL

ILLOCUTION

• CONVERGENCE: many options in the SL Performative verbs: 1st person singular, present simple,
to 1 option in the TL
verbs carried out by uttering them aloud

MACRO LEVEL
-Explicit Illocutionary force comes with
-DOMESTICATING: bringing the text closer performative utterances that contains a perfo.
to the TL cult but moving away from the ST
Verb, so that act become explicit -> ex. I promise
-FOREIGNIZING: keeping closer to the ST to come to your house

and moving away from the TL -Implicit comes with perf. Utterances with no
verbs -> I’ll come to your house tmw

ILLOCUTIONARY MACRO CLASSES OF To be successful a speech act needs to be

SPEECH(SEARLE)
performed along certain types of condition

based on types of action that can be performed in speaking

FELICITY CONDITIONS

• Representatives : convince to the truth of the expression

• Propositional content condition-> the

Asserting,concluding..
participants need to understand tha language

• Commissives: which commit the speaker to future • Preparatory condition -> the act has to be in
actions -> promising,o ering
a conventionally recognized context

• Directives: to get smn to do smth-> requesting, • Sincerity condition-> Ben sincere in uttering
questioning
the declaration

• Declarations: e ect immediate change -> declaring war

• Essential condition -> requires that all the
• Expressives: exp a psychological state -> apologizing parties intend the result
Modality do not refer directly to any characteristic of Research design

the event but to the status of the prep. IS about Hypotesis: the use of verb tenses and aspects depends on
attitude towards the world
the means of commu.

Two ways to taught it

Research questions: are there genres within spok and writt
1 taking each verb in turn and explaining what that can trigger di erent distributions?

function they can perform.

Method: collect 2 subcorpora, normalize absolute frequency
2 looking at some ways of describing modality to see Written to be sp genres: speeches,
how we can relish the meaning in engl. ability presentations, radio broadcasts, audiovisual text
permission advice
Traits of spoken ingl

MODALITY

Prosodic features: contractions, silences,

EPISTEMIC: speaker’s perception of the truth (must)

mimicking regional accent, names mispronounced

Epistemology is the study of theories of knowledge

Lexical features:switch of verb choice, colloquial

Epistemic means relating to knowledge

words, xed expressions

DEONTIC: obligation and duty (they shall not pass)

Deontology is the study of duty

PARALLELISM: repetition of the same class
DYNAMIC: has to do w ability and willingness (we words, type of phrases within a sentence.
can do this)
Improved rhetorical e ect

ALETHIC: refers to logical necessity (a square must 1 coordinating conjunction (and,but)

have 4 sides) 2 correlative conj. (Not only, but also)

3 comparative expression (as much as)

GRICE’S WORDS

4 subordinative conj or occurring in a series ( …

Make your conversational contribution such as is
because…because… or smart, hot,honest…)
required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the

accepted purpose and direction of the talk

exchange in which you are engaged.
The structure of oral narratives (Labov)

1 QUANTITY 2 QUALITY 3 RELEVANCE 4 MANNER • Abstract: signalling that the story is about to
begin (opening sequence/formula)

• Orientation: contextualization of the story

What can you do with maxims?

• Complicating action: what happens, what is
- Observe/Follow
interesting about the story

- Flout! Convey a di erent meaning than what is • Resolution: what nally happened

said, produce a negative pragmatic e ect-› • Evaluation: the point of the story and the
conversational implicature
reason why the story is being told

- Violate: telling lies, including or omitting details to • Coda: signalling that the story has ended
distract -› no cooperation, on purpose
(closing sequence/formula)
- Infringe -› physical, emotional, concrete
impediment

- Opt-out-› "No comment" «I'm sorry, I can't

answer this question"


Face Threatening Act (FTA)

POLITENESS: about choosing a strategy of

An act which challenges the face wants of an
interaction to achieve successful communications.

interlocutor.

does NOT mean goof manners

According to Brown and Levinson these acts may

Can be viewed as a violation of grice’s maxims

threaten:

FACE:"public self-image, the sense of self"

-the speaker's face

Negative pol-> neg face

-the hearer's face

"the need to be independent, have freedom of

their positive face:

action, and not be imposed on by others"

- expressions which threaten the hearer's positive

Positive Pol-> Positive face

face (accuses, open disapproval)

"the need to be accepted and liked by others,

- expressions which threaten the speaker's positive
treated as a member of the group, and to know one's
face because they show that he/she does not care

wants are shared by others"

about his/her positive face (taboo words,

interruptions, violent emotions, ...);

Politeness maxis: Tact, generosity, approbation,

their negative face:

modesty, agreement, sympathy.

-expressions which restrict the hearer's personal
freedom (orders, requests, advice, reminders,
warnings)

Vocatives and (im)politeness

-expressions which show an open desire of the
• Vocatives and their syntactic status: -> low degree speaker towards the hearer or what he/she owns,
of syntactic integration in the sentence; occurrence which makes your need to be independent
in initial, medial and nal position (higher incidence vulnerable in the relationship with the interlocutor
in initial and nal position)
(compliments, emotions openly stressed, [thanking]).
• Vocatives and their word class:-> nouns (man,
Sir), adjectives (dear), pronouns (you, you + noun); POLITENESS MARKERS

noun phrases (lucky man)

• General politeness markers: protect the
• Vocatives and categories:-› proper names (Mary), addressee’s face, show respect (ex please, if
titles (Professor, Sir), kinship terms (mum, dad), you dnt mind, modal verbs)

familiarizers (dude, mate)terms of endearment • Play-downs:syntactic means to tone down the

(sweetie, honey), insults.
assertiveness of a speech act > past tense,
• Vocatives and their function:-> attracting the progressive aspect, negative and positive
interlocutor's attention
interrogatives with modals (ex I wondered if I
-> identifying the addressee (especially in could ask you something.)

conversations among many speakers)

• Hedges: to express ambiguity, probability about
-> interpersonal function: initiating and preserving the reminder of the sentence (kind of)

interpersonal relations
• Understaters and downtoners: lexical means to
• Vocatives and politeness:-> full names, tone down, including adv (a bit, a little)

professional titles and honori cs (as opposed to • Committers: expr which shows the degree of
rst name)
speaker’s commitment to the prop (I’m sure, I
-> can found in exchanges which threaten the think )

interlocutor's face (impoliteness) • Forewarning: warning the addressee that you

do not agree , and that an FTA is coming ( I

don’t want to be rude)

• Hesitators: opening fta (emh)

• Intensi ers: modi ers showing empathy with the

interlocutor (terribly, awfully)

MARKED WORD ORDER

• Fronting: involves the movement of lexical items, phrases or clauses at the beginning of a
sentence - before the subject. (This I do not understand.)

• Dislocation: moving a noun phrase to the start or the end of a clause concurrently making

reference to the same noun phrase through a pronoun copy (Pronoun repetition) (This little shop

- it's lovely.)

• Cleft: means 'divided' and in a cleft sentence a single message is divided across two clauses.
We use it to connect what is already understood to what is new, focusing on it.

-wh-clefts, It-clefts, reversed and demonstrative clefts (a raise is what I want)

• Endweight: is the principle by which longer structures tend to occur later in a sentence than
shorter structures, so that the sentence is easier to process
VARIATION: An overview

• Across time -› diachronic variation/analysis

Across social strata-› diastratic variation=Age, gender, social class

• Across space-› diatopic variation =Dialect: accent, regional varieties

• Across situation -› diaphasic variation=formal vs informal

• Across means of communication -› diamesic variation =Spoken vs Written Language, Technical

means-related varieties