Complied by : F.D.

N Marpaung
 Language System
Pragmatic

Lang
Pragmatic

Pragmatic
Sound uageMeaning
scope Stuct scope
ure*

Pragmatic
*language structure consists of phonology, lexical, and
grammatical
 Branch of Linguistics

SEMANTIK
MORFOLOGI
FONOLOGI PRAGMATIK
SINTAKSIS
Within the world of sound and the
world of meaning there is context.
Context affects the compatibility
of a language system.
Context as an element outside of
language is studied in pragmatics.
To study pragmatics...
• An understanding of the culture of the
people who use that language is required.

In Indonesia: “Mau ke mana?”

In China: “Tehnya sangat enak?”
 Conclusion

Pragmatics examines
meaning that is
influenced by things
outside language.
 Ddefinitions of Pragmatic (Yule,
1996:3)
(1) fields that study the speaker's meaning;
(2) fields that examine meaning according to
context;
(3) the field which, beyond the study of the
meaning uttered, examines the meaning
communicated or communicated by the speaker;
(4) a field that examines forms of expression
according to social distance which limits the
participants involved in certain conversations.
From this definition...

Questions arise:
- Is meaning also discussed in
pragmatics?
- Isn't that meaning a semantic
study?
To answer the question...
• We recall the definition of semantics, that is, the branch
of linguistics which studies meaning internally, in terms
of the meaning contained in the language (word) in
question.
• Meanwhile, pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that
examines meaning externally, in the sense of meaning
that exists outside the language (word).
• The meaning that exists outside the language (external
meaning) is the same as the speaker's meaning (the
speaker's intention).
Therefore, the meaning studied in semantic
studies is context-independent meaning, while
the meaning studied by pragmatics is context-
dependent meaning.
 Example
A: Wow, it's really hot, right, this afternoon!
Why aren't you sweating, aren't you hot?
B: No, I already took a shower!
Answer B, "No, I already took a shower!" literally
has nothing to do with question A. However,
what is implied in the answer, "A feels hot
because she hasn't taken a bath" can be used as
a hook for the smooth running of the dialogue.
 Semantics and
Syntax
Non-verbal
communication

Context

Utterance
Interpretation
Pragmatics
Competence
Interlocutor’s Status

Utterance
inference

Cross Cultural
Difference
Register
1. SPEAKER MEANING

WHAT PEOPLE MEAN by their

utterances rather than what the words
or phrases might mean by
themselves.
 2. Contextual Meaning

Importance of the CONTEXT:

the circumstances and the
audience or public.
 3. Invisible Meaning

The study of how

more gets
communicated than said

The INFERENCES made by listeners or

readers in order to arrive at an
interpretation of the intended meaning.

A great deal of what is UNSAID is recognized as part

of what is communicated.
4. Relative Distance

The CLOSENESS or DISTANCE of the

listener or reader
determines how much needs to be
said.
5. REGULARITY

Luckily, people tend to behave in

fairly REGULAR ways when it
comes to using language. As part of
social groups we follow general
expected patterns of behaviour.
 Pragmatics
• Speech act theory
• Conversational implicature
• Deixis
• Presupposition
Thanks…

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