Geometric modeling

Graphics modeling
 Geometric Modeling
The world is full of all kind of objects:
Trees, people, cars, housed, clouds, rocks, waves,
pencil sharpeners, fire, mountains, plants, …
How can we describe these, such that they are
- easy to enter;
- easy to process;
- easy to display?

Complex problem, HUGE topic!!!

 What is geometric modeling?

• special case of mathematical modeling

• the visual features are important.
• geometric model - physical object.
• non-geometric model – physical process e.g economic
 What is geometric modeling?

• Collection of methods used to define the

shape and other geometric characteristics of
an object.
• To construct a precise mathematical
description of the shape of a real object or
to simulate some process.
• Embraces area – computational geometry
 Geometric Modeling
Input:
• by user
- preferably on a high level, customized to
application
• by scanning objects
- laser scanners: points
- medical scanners: voxels
 Geometric Modeling

Instructions,
User conversion
specifications

graphics
triangles
pipeline

3D points,
Scanner conversion
voxels
image
 REQUIREMENTS OF GEOMETRIC
MODELLING
The functions that are expected of geometric
modelling are:
Design analysis:
•Evaluation of areas and volumes.
•Evaluation of mass and inertia properties.
•Interference checking in assemblies.
•Analysis of tolerance build-up in assemblies.
•Analysis of kinematics . mechanics, robotics.
•Automatic mesh generation for finite element
analysis.
 REQUIREMENTS OF GEOMETRIC
MODELLING
Drafting:
 Automatic planar cross sectioning.
 Automatic hidden line and surface removal.
 Automatic production of shaded images.
 Automatic dimensioning.
 Automatic creation of exploded views for
technical illustrations.
 REQUIREMENTS OF GEOMETRIC
MODELLING
Manufacturing:
 Parts classification.
 Process planning.
 Numerical control data generation and
verification.
 Robot program generation.
 REQUIREMENTS OF GEOMETRIC
MODELLING
• Production Engineering:
• . Bill of materials.
• . Material requirement.
• . Manufacturing resource requirement.
• . Scheduling.
 REQUIREMENTS OF GEOMETRIC
MODELLING
Inspection and Quality Control:
. Program generation for inspection machines.
. Comparison of produced part with design.
 Requicha and Voelker [1981] specified the following properties to be
desired of in any geometric modelling (solids) system.

1. The configuration of solid (geometric model) must stay invariant

with regard to its location and orientation.

2. The solid must have an interior and must not have isolated
parts.

3. The solid must be finite and occupy only a finite shape.

4. The application of a transformation or other operation that adds

or removes parts must produce another solid.
5. The model of the solid in E3 (Euler space) may contain infinite
number of points. However, it must have a finite number of surfaces,
which can be described.
6. The boundary of the solid must uniquely identify which part of
the solid is exterior and which is interior.
 Geometric Data

• To make pictures/ design new things need a

computer representation of objects.
• Need to represent
– Shape
– Appearance (color, shininess etc)
– Material properties (density, stiffness etc)
 Geometric Modeling
• Geometric data representation
- Compute a mathematical approximation of the physical
shape of an object

• Algorithms for manipulating geometry

– Manipulate the variables defining the shape until we
meet the objective.

• Geometry creation
– Interactive.
– Automatic creation.
 Application

• Computer Aided Design/ engineering

(CAD/CAE)
• Entertainment
– Special effects
– Animation
– games
• Scientific visualization
• Education, information, advertising
 CAD/CAE

• Stages
– Conceptual design
– Mechanical design
– Simulation
– Production
• Geometric data need to be shared
 CAD/CAE
• Conceptual design
 CAD/CAE
• mechanical design
 CAD/CAE
• simulation
 Special effect
• Merge real and virtual
objects
• Create virtual scenes
indistinguishable from
reality
animation
 games
• Adventure - interactive
 visualization

medical
geographical

Bio-geometric
 Requirement : Visualization
• Space efficiency
• Generality
• Precision
• Support fast algorithms
 Requirement : CAD/CAE
• Precision is very important
• Integrate additional data
• Smooth surfaces
• Algorithms for thermal/stress simulation,
tool path generation etc.
• Automatic acquisition for reverse
engineering.
 Requirement : animation and
special effects
• Generality – all kinds of natural and
artificial objects
• Flexibility – let animator make choices
• Support high-quality rendering
• “semiautomatic” acquisition.
 Requirements : games and VR
• Interactive games
– Support for interactive rendering crucial
– Models should be small
– Easy to animate
– Procedural generation
Applicable mathematical technique
• Linear algebra
• Vectors
• Matrix methods
• Determinants
• Set theory
• Polynomial interpolation
• Numerical approximation
 Geometric modeling scheme
• Wire-frame model
• Surface model
• Solid model
 Step from geometric to program
• Geometry algebra  algorithm program

representation
-Symbolic
-Numerical
-approximation
REQUIREMENTS OF GEOMETRIC MODELLING
 The total modelling facilities that one would
look for in any system can be
broadly categorised as follows:
• The geometric modelling features.
• The editing or manipulation features.
• The display control facilities.
• The drafting features.
• The programming facility.
• The analysis features.
• The connecting features.
 4.6.1 Geometric modelling features
1. Various features to aid geometric modeling such as Cartesian and
polar coordinates absolute and incremental dimensions, units,
grid and layer
2. All 2D analytical features such as points, lines, arc and fillets
3. Majority of the 3D wireframe modeling including 3D lines, 3D
faces and ruled surfaces
4. Solid modeling with various basic primitives such as block,
cylinder, sphere and cone. Skinnning around regular and arbitrary
surfaces. Profiles
5. Sculptured surfaces like beziers, coon and other free form
surfaces
6. Comprehensive range of transformation facilities such as filleting
 4.6.2 Editing or Manipulation Features

The way the geometric data once created would

be used for further modelling. The facilities
desired are:
Transformation such as copy, move, rotate
The editing features such as stretching and
trimming, delete and undo
Symbols in drawing refer to often repeated set
in the number of drawing. This symbol can be
recalled at any scale
 4.6.3 Display control facilities

Facilities needed for Other facilities also

interacting with modeling required are:
system. The facilities Perspective views
required are: Orthographic views
Window
Isometric views
Zoom Axometric views
Pan
Sectioning
Hidden
Shading
Animation
Clippings
Fig. 4.27 Elimination of hidden lines in
display
Fig. 4.28 Shaded image of a CAD geometric model ((Image
appears with the permission of IBM World Trade
Corporation/Dassault Systems - Model generated using
CATIA))
4.6.4 Drafting Features
Fig. 4.30 Section view generation from a
geometric model
 4.6.5 Programming Facility

• Programming ability (MACRO programming) is

a useful feature. Used to customized for a
given range of application processes specific
to the company
 4.6.6 Analysis Features

• Consideration of kind of analysis facilities to

be carried out on a product models
• Simple analysis such as area, volume centre of
gravity to a general purpose analysis such as
FEA
• Assembly facility is also a required feature so
that associated interference checking could be
done
 Connecting Features
• Data generated could also be used with other
systems
• Ideally an integrated data base structure
would be useful to shared with other allied
modules such as Pro Engineer with
Unigraphics or Catia