FIRE SAFETY

1
 INTRODUCTION
The incidence of fire involves:

■ Equipment

■ Raw materials

■ Process

2
 INTRODUCTION
Location of Fir e
■ Process
■ In confined spaces
■ In buildings
■ Equipment in buildings
■ External equipments
■ Storage areas / warehouses

3
 INTRODUCTION
Causes of fire
■ Short circuit
■ Equipment failure
■ Welding and metal cutting activities
■ Spill/overflow of flammable liquid/gas
■ Overheating
■ Contact with hot surfaces
■ Pipe leakages/damage
■ Intentional burning 4
 INTRODUCTION
Contr ibuting Factor s
■ Failure/damage of sprinkler system
■ Insufficient water supply for spray system
■ No spray system
■ Human/operator error
■ Existence of flammable materials
■ Breakage of equipment or container

5
 BASICS OF FIRE
Definition

A chemical r eaction that occurs when a

flammable mater ial and oxygen comes
into contact with a heat source or Ignition

6
 FIRE HAZARD
• SUBSTANCE
– (Flammable things)

• WORK PRACTICE
– (Ignorance / unsafe act)

• WORK AREA
– (Improper / unsafe
environment)

• LIVING FORM
– (Animals / human) 7
 FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE

• Class A - Common solid (non metal)

combustible material
– Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics

• Class B - Flammable liquids:

– gasoline, oil, grease, acetone

• Class C - Electrical:
– energized electrical equipment

• Class D - Metals:
– potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium
8
 UN-SAFE WORK PRACTICE

• IGNORANCE TO STATUTORY SAFETY RULES

• IMPROPER / MISUSE OF ELECTRICAL

INSTRUMENT - Overload / usage of electricity

9
 THE CAUSE OF FIRE
THE UNSAFE AT WORKPLACE

FIRE HAZARD
UN-SAFE WORK AREA

• POOR HOUSE KEEPING

– High stacking papers / box

• HIGH TEMPERATURE
– Working at heat

• LOW HIMUDITY
– Electrostatic,

• POOR VENTILATION
– Confined space, Chemical store 10

Copyright @ Cerna Minda 2016

 LIVING FORMS

• HUMAN
– Sabotage, vandalism

• ANIMALS
– Damaging wires

11
 BASICS OF FIRE
FIRE TRIANGLE

OX
E
BL

YG
MA

EN
AM
FL
HEAT
■ Fire will not occur in the absence of one
element
■ Fire will cease to exist if one of the elements is 12
eliminated
 BASICS OF FIRE
Gas or vapour s
■ May ignite by sparks or small flames

Liquids or solids
■ Requires more heat to ignite

■ Requires more oxygen to ignite (2–5%)

13
 BASICS OF FIRE
Ignition of flammables

■ Small spark/flames or
■ Heated to self-ignition temperature

14
 BASICS OF FIRE
Char acter istics of fir e

Will continue with positive heat*

The edges of the fire are the weakest points
Elimination requires reducing a small percentage
of
oxygen content

■ Example: In the burning of liquid or gas, evaporation

of oxygen content is less than 12-16% 15

* Clean heat content

 BASICS OF FIRE
Fir e spr eads thr ough:

■ Direct burning
■ Transfer of heat
■ Movement of flammables

16
 SPREADING OF FIRE
Tr ansfer of heat happen
thr ough:
■ Flow
■ Spreads through solid barriers
■ Convection
■ Spreads upwards
■ Radiation
■ Spreads directly to other objects
■ Spreads through open spaces
17
 SPREADING OF FIRE
Movement of bur ning materials

■ Burning liquid

■ Flammable vapour that is produced by the heat

of burning solid materials.

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 BASICS OF FIRE
Upper Flam m ability Lim it
Saturated Vapour-
Air M ix ture Line

flammable vapour
Concentration of

Flam m able m ix ture

Self ignition

Low er Flam m ability Lim it

Flash Point Self-ignition temperature

Temperature
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 BASICS OF FIRE
Flammability limit of gas and vapour
■ Levels at which gas and vapour may ignite
and burn in an environment within the range
of its flammable limit

Lower Flammability Limit – LFL

Upper Flammability Limit – UFL

20
FLAMMABILITY LIMIT FOR GAS
AND VAPOUR
Flammable Limit (FL) of gas
and vapour
■ FL is the mid concentration required for
stoichiometry reaction
■ A mixture is too diluted if its concentration is
below the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)

21
FLAMMABILITY LIMIT FOR GAS AND
VAPOUR
UFL is two times the concentr ation
that is r equir ed for stoichiometr y
r eaction:

■ The mixture is too concentrated if is

concentration is above the Upper Flammable
Limit (UFL)

22
FLAMMABILITY LIMIT FOR GAS
AND VAPOUR
Factor s that influence LFL and
UFL
Environmental factors
Temperature
Gravity
Pressure
Direction of fire

23
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS
LFL and UFL of selected flammables
FLAMMABLES LFL (%ip/ip) UFL (%ip/ip)
Ammonia 15 28
Acetylene 2.6 100
Benzene 1.4 8.0
Butane 1.8 8.4
Ethanol 3.0 12.4
Methane 5.0 15.0
Toluene 1.3 7.0
24
SELF-IGNITION TEMPERATURE
The minimum temper atur e at which the
self-heating properties of a material lead
to ignition.

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SELF-IGNITION TEMPERATURE

Self Ignition Temper ature for selected

flammables
Flammables Self Ignition Flammables Self Ignition
Temperature Temperature
(°C) (°C)
Methane 537 n-Hexane 223
Ethanol 515 n-Heptane 223
Propane 466 n-Octane 220
n-Butane 405 n-Nonane 206
n-Pentane 258 n-Decane 208
26
 SPEED OF FIRE
Fire is directed back towards the material
or source
■ Depending on the pressure and temperature

The maximum speed of fire is determined

by the pressure and ambient temperature
is called maximum speed of fire

27
 FIRE BASICS
SP EED OF FI RE FOR SELECTED FLAM M ABLES
Flammable Maximum Speed of Fire (cm/s)
Hydrogen 320
Acetylene 173
Ethylene 68.8
Propane 45
Benzene 40.7
Butane 40.5
Ethane 40.1
Methane 36.4
28
 FIRE BASICS
Ignition Phenomena
■ Self-ignition
■ Local ignition
■ Ignition due to sparks
■ Ignition due to hot surfaces
■ Ignition due to abrasion and force
■ Ignition due to hot gas jets
■ Ignition due to hot particles
■ Ignition due to jet fire
■ Ignition due to compression
29
 SOURCES OF IGNITION
■ Fire
■ Open burning
■ Fire in oven, boiler, and fire tower
■ Small fires
■ Hot works
■ Welding, cutting
■ Hot surfaces
■ Oven
■ Machines with excessive workings such as
motors and pumps
30
 SOURCES OF IGNITION
Hot particles
Abrasion and
force
■ Generation of sparks due to hotspots on the
surface

■ Example:

■ Falling of objects on the floor

31
■ Abrasion of steel and aluminum, concrete and
steel
 SOURCES OF IGNITION
Chemical energy
■ Thermal reaction
Instable and receptive materials
■ Instrumentations that have stimulants
Hot gas and material
Diesel engines – high exhaust temperature
Vehicle
Lightning
32
 SOURCES OF IGNITION
Radio frequency
signals Smoking
Intentional burning or
arson Self ignition
Ignition compression (compression of
mixtures to reach self ignition temperature)

33
 SOURCES OF IGNITION
Self heating
■ Due to slow heat oxidisation reactions
■ Materials in processes, storage or transportation
■ Example:
■ Charcoal loads, waste from nuts

34
 ELECTROSTATIC
Generated when there is abrasion of two
surfaces that when separated, will
produce two surfaces of different charges
■ Charges will remain if the surface is not a
conductor
■ Charges will disintegrate if surfaces are good
conductors
Low current, high voltage
35
 ELECTROSTATIC
Electr ostatic hazard exist ing:
■ Human body
■ Spraying equipment/activities
■ Transport machinery
■ Handling of liquids
■ Handling of materials in powder form

36
 ELECTROSTATIC
Spraying activities
■ Steam
■ Steam leakage
Transport machinery
■ Lifting vehicles

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•Liquid handling
■ Filling of tanks

■ Flows in pipes

■ Mixing of materials in container

•Handling of powder
■ Grinding activities

■ Sifting activities

■ Pneumatic processes
 ELECTROSTATIC
Flow of liquid Charges
(non-conductive) in pipes generated 10-9-10-
6A

Powder from grinder Electric charges at the

rate of 10-8-10-4 A

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CLASSES OF FIRE

Code BS EN2 : 1992

CLASS TYPE OF FIRE

A Solids that cause fire

B Liquid or solid that becomes liquid
C Gas / vapour
D Metals
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 CLASSES OF FIRE
NFPA 10: 1984 Code
CLASS TYPE OF FIRE
A Wood, material, paper, rubber
and plastic
B Flammable liquid, oil, grease,
tar, paint and gas
C Electrical equipments with connected
electrical supply
D Metals
41
CLASSES OF FIRE
Requir ements for Fir e Fighting Equipment
TYPE OF FIRE NO OF EQUIPMENT
Extremely big > 20 jet
Big 8-19 jet
Moderate 3-7 jet
Small 1-2 jet/3 hose
Extremely small 1-2 hose/
fire extinguisher
42
 CLASSES OF FIRE
Accor ding to industr ial processes
■ Pool fire (liquid) / moving liquid
■ Fireball
■ Steam cloud fire
■ Type 1 Fire without explosion
■ Type 2 Fire due to explosion
■ Type 3 Fire causing explosion
■ Jet fire (steam)
43
 CLASSES OF FIRE
■ Burning of solids
■ Burning of solid materials

■ Burning of powders

■ Warehouse fire
■ Fire involving oxygen

44
FIRE HAZARD CONTROLS
Fir e Pr evention

■ Avoid release of flammable into the atmosphere

■ Release of heat

■ Control of heat sources (ref: fire triangle)

45
FIRE HAZARD CONTROLS
Fir e Prevention (dur ing Incident of
fire)

■ Release heat

■ Close/stop supply of flammable

■ Close/stop supply of oxygen

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 ACTION TO
REDUCE HAZARD
S
A
IDENTIFIED HAZARD
NATURALLY
F
SAFE E
SELECTION
TECHNOLOGY T
OF Y
SAFETY
TECHNOLOGY
PREVENTION
INITIAL HAZARDOUS SYSTEM
INCIDENT SAFETY PROTECTION P
SYSTEM L
HAZARDOUS A
INCIDENT
EMERGENCY
N
RESPONSE PLAN N
EXPOSURE OF I
HAZARD TO HUMAN
MEDICAL N
TREATMENT G
RESULT OF EXPOSURE 47
 SAFETY PLAN
Hazar ds identification thr ough:

■ HAZOP – Hazards and Operability Studies

■ Hazard checklist

■ Fire and explosion index (Dow Index)

■ Chemical exposure index 48

 SAFETY PLAN
Safety Plan
■ Selection of safe technology
■ Safety prevention system at starting and ending
points
■ Safety protection system
■ Emergency response plan
■ Medical treatment

49
SAFETY PLAN
SELECTION OF SAFE
TECHNOLOGY
Usage

Equipment/machinery

Process/material

50
 SELECTION OF SAFE
SAFETY PLAN
TECHNOLOGY
USER-FRIENDLY PLANT
Char acter istic User-fr iendly
Substitution of CHEMICALS Avoid fire
Weakening of De-fridge rate atmospheric
HAZARDOUS temperature Dilution
CHEMICALS
Design of EQUIPMENT Reaction may be handled and
controlled Strong and suitable

Plant Breaks spread of fire and isolate

LAYOUT between equipments
51
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE TECHNOLOGY
SAFETY PLAN
Safe storage

HUMP Storage HUMP

Storage tank
Tank

52
SAFETY PLAN
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE TECHNOLOGY

Safe storage
Fire wall Storage tank
Hump

Slope to hole

Fire hole
53
 SAFETY PLAN
SAFETY PREVENTION SYSTEM
Pr event initial incident

■ System for detection and control

■ Safe handling methods

■ Use of engineering controls

54
 SAFETY PLAN
ADMINISTRATIVE & ENGINEERING
CONTROLS
Administrative controls Engineering controls
On the job training programme Better equipment
Instructions and written procedures Improved layout to minimise work hazards
Signages Location of valve, switch and instruments
Labeling of equipment Design of equipments – more user-friendly
Suitability of person to Better manual handling methods
job Testing Decentralised computer controls
Classroom Design of equipment – able to prevent/control
teaching Warning mistakes
Incentive and Online analysis
punishments Online parameter assessment
Persuasion methods to promote safe work
practices
Inspect
ion
Revie 55
w
 SAFETY PLAN
SAFETY PREVENTION SYSTEM
Stop/control the source of the hazard
as soon as the incident happens

■ Eliminate fire

56
 SAFETY PLAN
SAFETY PREVENTION SYSTEM
Eliminate fire through:

■ Cooling
■ Reduce flammables through cooling, dilution,
emulsion and liquid
■ Reduce oxygen content
■ Disrupt fire reactions

57
 SAFETY PREVENTION SYSTEM
SAFETY PLAN
FIRE FIGHTING AGENTS
Fire class Material type Example Agent
A Normal Wood, Water, dry
flammabl paper, chemical,
e fabric, foam
plastic
B Flammable Gasoline, CO2, foam, dry
liquid and gas oil, grease, chemical,
LPG halon
C Working Electric motor CO2, dry
electrical item chemical,
halon
D Flammable metal Magnesium Dry
58
, sodium, chemical
potassium powder
 SAFETY PLAN
SAFETY PROTECTION SYSTEM
Protection during fire

■ Stop spread of fire

59
 SAFETY PLAN
SAFETY PROTECTION SYSTEM
Stop spr ead of fir e

■ Fire wall / barrier to air flow

■ Fire resistant isolator – isolate fire

■ Trap fire to prevent explosion

■ Layout of tank and equipments 60

 SAFETY PLAN
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
Hazard identification and risk assessment
Control methods
Communications – Incident Command
System (ICS)
Announce and update emergency
Cooperation of external parties
Public relations
61
 SAFETY PLAN
MEDICAL TREATMENT

Medical surveillance and treatment system Sending victims to

medical centre if exposed to:
■ Toxic materials from fire
■ Heat
• Ensure procedures for:
■ Transportation of victims
■ Appointment of officer in charge
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 FIRE PROTECTION

1. Structural and design

precaution
2. Fire detectors and alarm
3. Fire fighting
63
 FIRE PROTECTION

1. Structural and design

precaution
• Control of heat sources
• Control of fuel

64
 FIRE PROTECTION

2. Fire detectors / alarm

• Heat detection
• Radiation detection
• Smoke detection
• Flammable gas detection
65
2. Fire Fighting
• Fire fighting facilities
• Signage
• Escape incase of fire

66
1. SMOTHERING / SUFFOCATING

2. SEPARATING / STARVATION

3. COOLING

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 SMOOTHERING / SUFFOCATING
Cutting off the oxygen supply e.g.
by covering the fire with a wet
blanket or spraying CO2 or dry
chemical powder extinguishers

68
 SEPARATING / STARVATION
Removing the fuel
source from the fire e.g.
remove unburnt or
burning materials

69
 COOLING
Removing the heat source in a
fire, e.g. throwing / spraying
water onto the base of the fire

70
 AT THE END OF THE WORK
SHIFT EACH DAY, TURN
OFF ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES SUCH AS
COMPUTER EQUIPMENT

A computer monitor left on over a weekend caused

this fire

71
 AT THE END OF THE WORK
SHIFT EACH DAY, TURN
OFF ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES SUCH AS
COMPUTER EQUIPMENT
AND FANS

A wall mounted fan was left on over the weekend

and resulted in a fire

72
Sisters killed in pre-dawn
blaze
PENANG: A pregnant woman
could only watch helplessly as
her two children were burnt to
death in a pre-dawn blaze that
swept through a cluster of
over 50 houses at the Noordin
Street Ghaut foreshore
yesterday.
NST - Wednesday, January 8,
73
2003
PORT KLANG : Fire razed four
wooden shoplots in Pulau Ketam
on Monday but the occupants
managed to run out in time as the
village fire-fighting squad swung
into action to prevent the fire from
causing further damage....

74
 COMMON PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGHUISHER
PRESSURE GAUGE
DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2
extinguishers)
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN
AND SEAL
CARRYING HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY

DISCHARGE ORIFICE

75
A Trash Wood Paper
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

• Class “B” or “C” fires.

• 2.5-100 lb. of CO2 gas at 150-200 psi
B Liquids Grease
(8-30 seconds discharge time).
• Has NO pressure gauge--capacity
verified by weight.

C Electrical Equipment
• 3-8 ft. maximum effective range.
• Extinguishes by smothering burning
materials.
• Effectiveness decreases as
temperature of burning material 76
increases.
A Trash Wood Paper
MULTIPURPOSE DRY
CHEMICAL (POWDER)
• Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires.
B Liquids Grease
• 2.5-20 lb. dry chemical (ammonium
phosphate) pressurized to 50-200 psi
by nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds
discharge time).
C Electrical Equipment
• Has pressure gauge to allow visual
capacity check.
• 5-20 ft. maximum effective range.
• Extinguishes by smothering burning
77
materials.
 It’s easy to remember how to use a fire
extinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS:

 P ull
 A im
 S queeze
 S weep

Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you 78
attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire
 Pull the pin…

This will allow

you to
discharge the
extinguisher

Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you 79
attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire
 Aim at the base of the fire…

Hit the fuel.

If you aim at
the flames...

… the extinguishing agent will fly right

through and do no good.

Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you 80
attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire
 FIRE FIGHTING
USING FIRE EXTINGHUISHER
HOW TO USE A FIRE
EXTINGHUISHER
Squeeze the top handle…

This depresses a
button that
releases the
pressurized
extinguishing
agent.

Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you 81
attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire
 Sweep from side to side…

.. until the fire is

completely out.
Start using the extinguisher
from a safe distance away,
then slowly move forward.

Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case

it re-ignites.
Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you 82
attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire
 DON’T FIGHT FIRE IF..
 You don't know what is burning
 The fire is spreading rapidly beyond
the spot where it started
 You don't have adequate or
appropriate equipment
 You might inhale toxic smoke.
 Your instincts tell you not to

Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you 83
attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire
 EVACUATION

• Primary and secondary evacuation routes should be

established, and all employees and juveniles should be
drilled to use either route.
• Exits should be clearly marked and all signs lit and
unobstructed.

84
 IF YOUR CLOTHES CATCH ON FIRE
• Stop, do not run / turn around
• Drop to the floor in a prone position..
• Roll over and over to smother the fire.
Cover your face with your hands to
protect it from the flames. Don't stop
1
until the flames have been
extinguished.
•

2 85
 T
T!!!!
N
NOO
O
DO
D
• Panic
• Run
• Hide in a burning building
• Jump from high rise building
• Go back into the burning building

86