PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND HUMAN RELATION

COMMUNICATION
 INTRODUCTION
Communication is the exchange of ideas , facts, feelings ,
thoughts opinion and information which is vital in
facilitating human interaction through words, symbols, or,
action.
Communication is essential for progress of any individual
and its back bone in establishing good interpersonal
relationships
 MEANING
The word communication originates from ‘communis ‘a
‘greek word to make common’ .
Its the transmission and receiving information, feelings
,and or attitudes with the overall purpose of having
understood producing response
 DEFINITION

Its is a process by which two or more people exchanges

ideas, facts, feelings, or impression in ways that each
gains a common understanding of meaning , intent and
use of message
PAUL LEAGENS
Communication is a means of persuasion to influence the
other so that the desired effects is achieved.
ARISTOLE.
 PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNICATION

Communication should have objectives and purposes

Should be appropriate to situation
Systematic analysis of the message , i.e., the idea , the
thought to be communicated , so that one is clear about it.
Selection and determination of appropriate language and
medium of communication according to its purpose.
Organizational climate , including timing and physical
setting to convey the desired meaning of the
communication..
Consultation with others for planning of
communication involves special preparation.
Message should convey something of value to the
receiver in the light of his needs and interest.
The communication action following a
communication is the important in effective
communication as this speaks more than his/her
words..
The sender has to understand the receiver attitude
and reaction by careful, alert, and proper listening
to ensure that the desired meaning of the message
has been comprehended by the receiver.
Credibility is very important.
Communication programme should make use of
existing facilities to the great extent possible and
should avoid challenging them unnecessarily.
 PURPOSES

It promotes clear thinking

It should expressed in terms of human behaviour

It brings desired direction

It help in achieving predetermined objectives

People communicate in consistent ways

It facilitate verbalization of feelings

It motivates for efficiency in knowledge and skills

It acquires new skills

It promotes development of mental development of learner

Acceptance of message which has to be communicated

It influencing people for behavioural change in attitudes and beliefs

 FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION

PERCEPTION:
Its is the personnel views of events ,i.e. each person
senses , interprets and understands the events differently .
Its formed by experience and expectations.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION

EMOTIONS:
Subjective feeling about events.
The way a person communicate with others is
influenced by emotions
 FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION

VALUES:
These are standards that influence behaviour what person
consider important in the life and thus influence
expression of thoughts and ideas
 FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION

SOCIO-CULUTURAL BACKGROUD:
Culture is the sum total of learned ways of
doing , feeling, and thinking.
KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge of handling different level
persons is essential for communication .
 FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION

ROLE AND RELATIONSHIP:

Communication is more effective when the
participants remain aware of their role in a
relationship.
ENVIRONMENT:
Warm and comfortable environment facilitates
good communication.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION

SPACE AND TERRITORIALITY:

Its is the drive to gain , to maintain and defend an
exclusive right to an area of space.
It provides people with a sense of identity, security and
control.
 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
IT PROMOTES
ESTABLISH
IT HELPS IN PROCESS
OF MOTIVATION AND
EFFECTIVE
COOPERATION
MORALE
LEADERSHIP
AND PEACE
DEVELOPMENT

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 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
IT ACT AS BASIS OF
IT MANAGERIAL
COORDINATION
EFFICIENCY
AND COOPERATION

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 COMMUNICATION PROCESS

It has following main components:

SENDER/
FEEDBACSOURCE
K/EFFECT

MESSAGE/
CONTENT

RECEIVER/
AUDIENCE
CHANNEL
/MEDIUM
 SENDER

The sender (communicator) is the originator of the message

To be an effective communicator
Objectives , has to be clearly defined
Audience, it’s interests and needs
Message , what actually wants to convey
Professional abilities and limitation
The sender is on the individual or group who wishes to convey the
message to another
He/she is the initiator of the communication process and is sometimes
called encoder.
The individual or group sending the message must have a reason for
communicating and must put it in a form that can be transmitted.
 MESSAGES
Its is the information that is selected and conveyed by the
sender
It requires the sender’s decision ‘s about what will be side
,how , when and where it will be said and the selection of
words in a language that can be understood by receiver
COMPONENT OF MESSAEGE

MESSAGE CODE :
Any group of symbols that can be structured in a way that
is meaningful to same person. Example :Language
MESSAGE CONTENT:
The material in the message (i.e) the selected by the
source to express his purpose
MESSAGE TREATMENT:
That is the decision which the communication source
makes in selecting, arranging , both codes and contents.
The good message must be:

CLEAR AND
MEANINGFUL
UNDERSTANDABLE

SPECIFIC AND
INTERESTING
ACCURATE

TIMELY AND
CULTURALLY
 CHANNEL

Channel is a carrying information or a message from the

communicator to targeted receiver.
The purpose of the source into a message ,some type of
channel
 For example: Media is needed between encoder and
decoder
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

MASS COMMUNICATION
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
MEDIA COMMUNICATION

GROUP COMMUNICATION
POINTS TO KEPT REMINDER WHILE SELECTING TOPIC

AVAILAB TYPES OF
ILITY AUDIENCE

PURPOSE AND
SUITABLE

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIO
N SKILL FOR
MESSAGE COMMUNICATOR
 RECIEVER

Person at the end of communication is receive may be

single or group of persons
In simply receiver is defined as who receives messages
from the sender , decoding , interprets , the meaning and
the giving feedback.
If the receiver does not have the skills of communication
he/she will not be able to receive and decode the message
that the encoder has encoded.
TYPES OF RECIEVER

CONTROLLED AND HOMOGENOUS GROUP:

A group of person held together with common interest.
For example: Batch of students in a specific educational
training programme.
UNCONTROLLED GROUP/ FREE AUDIENCE:
A group of individual gathered together to learn and
enrich the knowledge.
For example: A group of young adults attending for health
education setting in selective communication.
 FEEDBACK
It is the flow of communication from receiver to the
sender , the reaction to the message.
If the message is rejecting or not understandable by
receiver, feedback provides an opportunity to sender to
modify his message.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

ONE WAY COMMUNICATION

TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

FORMAL COMMUNICATION

INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
TELE COMMUNICATION

VISUAL COMMUNICATION
 ONE WAY COMMUNICATION

The flow of communication is ‘one way’ from the

communicator to the recevier.
For example: Lecture Method
 ADVANTAGES

Appears neat and efficient.

Sender is more psychologically comfortable.
 DISADVANTAGES

Knowledge is imposed.
Learning is authoritative.
No feedback
Little influence on human behaviour
 TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

Both sender and receiver taken part.

Receiver may raise question and thier own information,
ideas,and opinion to the subject.
The process of learning is active and democratic.
 VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• The traditional way of communication has been by the

word.
• Language is the chief vehicle of communication.
• Through it, one can interact with others and exchange of
ideas will take place information can be cleared
• To make a message clear few effective verbal
Communication technique
 CLARITY DENOTATIVE
AND AND
BREVIETY CONNOTIVE

HUMOUR

VOCABULAR
Y
PACING
 7C OF COMMUNICATION

CLEAR
CONCISE
CORRECT
COMPLETE
COURTESY
CONSIDERATION

CONCRETE
 TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

ORAL COMMUNICATION:
Its transmitting messages orally by meeting the persons
through artificial media of communication such as
telephone.
 MERITIS

It is face to face system and hence can be clarified..

Opportunity to ask the question, exchange ideas and
clarify the meaning.
Friendly and co-operative
Easy and quick
Its flexible and hence effective.
 DEMERIT

Spoken words may be misunderstood.

The facial expression and tone of voice of the
communicator may mislead receiver.
Not suitable for lengthy communication.
It requires art of effective communication.
It has no record for future references.
 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Written communication is transmitting message in

writing.
It can be followed when communication is Necessary.
 MERITS

Its permanent record for future references.

Its likely to be misunderstood.
It will have adequate coverage and accuracy
Its an authoritative communication.
Its suitable for lengthy communication.
 DEMERITIS

It requires skill and education for understanding.

It is one way communication and hence it is not effective.
It may not communicate all the aspects.
 NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Communication can occur even words.

To compensate for the inadequacy verbal message
information , people unconsciously use facial
expression ,gesture, touch, and vocal tone to meaning of
spoken.
WAY OF CONVEY THE MESSAGES
 FORMAL COMMUNICATION

Its follows line of authority that it is an officially channel

of communication.
For example: Between nursing superintendent
 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION

Its communication between two people may be social

system or organization.
Its simple . T his is very informal talk with people.
For example: Gossiping, Back-bitting.
 OTHER COMMUNICATION

UPWARD COMMUNICATION:
It occur bottom to the top.
It may be in the form complaints, suggestion, reports etc.
For example: Application of leave
 OTHER COMMUNICATION

DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION:
It occurs from top to bottom such as communication in
the form of superior to Subordinate.
 For Example: From nursing superintendent to staff
nurse.
 HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION

The communication flow horizontally among same

hierarchical levels.
For Example: Communication among colleagues.
 LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

MASS INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

GROUP MEDIA
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
 MASS COMMUNICATION

It means communicating messages to large group of

peoples or massess.
For example: Through Tv ,Radio, Printed Material
 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

It means of communicating messages

To an individual face to face.
For example: Vocal mechanism for verbal
communication, Posture – Gesture for non verbal
communication
 GROUP COMMUNICATION

It means of communicating message to a small group of

people simultaneously and not an individual.
For example: Personnel Committee, Audit Committee
Grievance Committee, Report Committee
 MEDIA COMMUNICATION

Media is an agency through which communication takes

place.
FOR EXAMPLE :
 Electronic Media – Print Media
Traditional Or Folk Media- Singing, Drama, Dance.
 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

PHYSICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS:
It consist noise, invisibility, environmental, and physical
discomfort, distraction and ill health.
PERSONAL BARRIERS:
It consists language, mental status, personality
complexes, bias and prejudice, impatience, inhibition,
attitude etc
 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS:
It consists difficulties in hearing, expression, disease
conditions etc.
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS:
It consists prejudices, inattention, disinterest, feeling of
anxiety and unfulfilled curiosity level of intelligence,
comprehension difficulties.
 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

CULTURAL BARIERS:
It consists of language variation, customs, believes,
religion, attitude etc
BACKGROUND BARRIERS:
It consists of previous learning, cultural background,
previous environment of working etc.
 COMMUNICATION SKILL IN NURSING

Seeking information will help the nurse in assessment of

nursing needs and making nursing diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation of nursing care.
Giving information will help in promoting the client’s
understanding and comprehensive of health and health
care aspects.
Influencing change in health attitude, Beliefs and action.
Interacting with clients to provide reassurance, support,
comfort and also to alleviate stressful emotions.
 COMMUNICATION SKILL IN NURSING

Establishing self identity to prevent oneself in certain

ways that will helps develop mutual nurturing and family
relationship.
It provides professional relationship.
It helps to promote managerial efficiency.
It provides basis for leadership action.
Nurse should be knowledgeable and confident.
Topic of client teaching should match with their client
needs
 COMMUNICATION IN NURSING PRACTICE

Generate trust between the nurse and clients.

Provides the nurse with professional relationship.
It also means for bridging about changes.
It provides basis for leadership action.
Communication is the foundation of relationship between
the nurse and the other member of team.
 Communication serves as lubricant fostering the smooth
operation of the management process.
Communication provides coordination
 THEORIES OF COMMINICATION

Multiple communication theories are used in

nursing to help explain and guide interactions made
between nurses and patients, as well as nurses and
other health care professionals.
Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory
Dyadic interpersonal communication model
PEPLAU’S INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS THEORY

This theory focuses on the nurse-client relationship and

the therapeutic process that takes place.
Communication that occurs in this context involves
complex factors such as environment, in addition to
attitudes, practices and beliefs in the dominant culture.
Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory defines four stages
of the relationship that achieve a common goal:
ORIENTATION PHASE:
The nurse engages the patient in treatment, and the patient is able
to ask questions and receive explanations and information.
This stage helps the patient develop trust and is where first
impressions about the nurse and health care system begin to
evolve.
IDENTIFICATION PHASE:
The patient and nurse begin to work together.
These interactions provide the basis for understanding, trust and
acceptance as the patient becomes an active participant in
treatment
EXPLOITATION PHASE:
The patient takes advantage of all services offered,

exploiting the nurse-patient relationship to address
treatment goals.
RESOLUTION PHASE:
 As a result of effective communication, the patient’s
needs are met, and he or she moves toward full
independence.
 DYADIC INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

The dyadic interpersonal communication model describes

the dynamic interactive process that takes place between
two people.
 Based on a sender and recipient influences such as
perception, attitude, content and the emotional and
physical elements, the model points to the many factors
that can alter the message or the message’s delivery.
DYADIC INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

As the sender or encoder provides a message, the

recipient, or decoder, must process the information.
The dyadic interpersonal communication model
highlights the importance of clarity and awareness for the
many factors that can affect verbal and nonverbal
communication.
 CONCLUSION

Communication is a two way process. A nurse who

communication with patients must understand what the
patient must understand what the patient is trying to
communicate.
Nursing is an interaction between nurses and patient, nurses
and community, nurses and heath professional.
Nurse practice in the 21 st century, they must have effective
computer and other electronic communication skills.
So communication is really an important aspect of our life.