Pembelahan Sel

Tidak
Langsung
Langsung

Mitosis Meiosis
Tujuan Reproduksi Sel :

Bagi mahluk hidup Bagi mahluk hidup banyak

sel (multisellular) :
satu sel (unisellular) Pertumbuhan
: Reproduksi Pembentukan gamet
Proses pembelahan sel meliputi :

Karioki
nesis
Sitokine
sis
 Amitosis

Berasal dari ●

●
A = Tidak
Mitosis = Tidak langsung
kata : ●
Amitosis = Pembelahan sel secara langsung

Terjadi pada
mahluk hidup satu
sel (unisellular)

Berkaitan dengan
reproduksi
 Mitosis
Terjadi pada
sel-sel tubuh
(sel somatis)

Berkaitan
dengan :
Interphase:
 DNA is present as uncondensed
chromatin (not visible under
microscope)
 DNA is contained within a clearly
defined nucleus
 Centrosomes and other organelles
have been duplicated
 Cell is enlarged in preparation for
division
Prophase:
 DNA supercoils and chromosomes
condense (becoming visible under
microscope)
 Chromosomes are comprised of
genetically identical sister chromatids
(joined at a centromere)
 Paired centrosomes move to the
opposite poles of the cell and form
microtubule spindle fibres
 The nuclear membrane breaks down
and the nucleus dissolves
Metaphase:
 Microtubule spindle fibres from both
centrosomes connect to the centromere
of each chromosome
 Microtubule depolymerisation causes
spindle fibres to shorten in length and
contract
 This causes chromosomes to align
along the centre of the cell (equatorial
plane or metaphase plate)
Anaphase:
 Continued contraction of the spindle
fibres causes genetically identical sister
chromatids to separate
 Once the chromatids separate, they are
each considered an individual
chromosome in their own right
 The genetically identical chromosomes
move to the opposite poles of the cell
Telophase:
 Once the two chromosome sets arrive
at the poles, spindle fibres dissolve
 Chromosomes decondense (no longer
visible under light microscope)
 Nuclear membranes reform around
each chromosome set
Cytokinesis occurs concurrently, splitting
the cell into two
 Meiosis

Terjadi pada organ reproduksi.

Berkaitan dengan : proses pembentukan gamet.

 Meiosis 1
There are 4 phases in Meiosis 1. These are :

A) Prophase 1
There are 5 sub phases:
i) Leptotene
Chromosomes appear as thin thread.
Chromosome condensation starts.
Dehydration of chromosomes.
ii) Zygotene
Paring of homologous chromosome.
Chromosomes are more shorter and thicker.
A pair of homologous chromosomes laying
together,known as bivalent.
Formation of synaptonemal complex.
iii) Pachytene
Formation of chiasmata.
Exchange of chromosomal segments in
between two non-sister chromatids,this
process is called crossing-over.
Good to know
 A chromosome with two visible
chromatids- dyas.
 Two homologous chromosomes with four
chromatids- tetrads.
iv) Diplotene
Homologous chromosomes start to separate but
remain attached at chiasmata.
Repulsion of homologous chromosomes,this is
called disjunction.
Two centromeres start moving to opposite
poles.
 If one chiasma forms,the bivalents are
looked like cross ‘X’ shaped.
 If two chiasmata form,the bivalents are
looked like cross ring shaped.
v) Diakinesis
Bivalents are more thick and short than
diplotene.
Terminalization of chiasmata.
Nuclear membrane starts to break down.
Disappearance of nucleolus.
B) Metaphase 1
Terminalization of chiasmata completed.
Bivalents are in maximum short and thick
condition.
Bivalents are arranged at equatorial regions of
cells.
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus absent.
Spindles are attached with centromeres.
C) Anaphase 1
Each chromosome of the homologous pair get
separated and move to opposite poles with
continuous contraction of spindle fibre.
D) Telophase 1
Chromosomes are arrived at the opposite poles.
Nuclear membrane can reform in telophasein
some species.
In case of others,they skip the formation of
nuclear membrane.
Cytokinesis usually occur and cytoplasms are
divided into two daughter cells.
 Cytokinesis of Meiosis 1
 The cell membrane constricts and two daughter cells are formed.
 These daughter cells have chromosome consisting of one of its original
chromatids and the other has the mixture of segments from its own and a
segment of chromatid from its homologue.
 The formation of nuclear membrane and the nucleus is completed at this
stage.
 And finally the daughter cells are ready to proceed to the next stare,
Meiosis II.
 Meiosis 2
There are 4 phases in Meiosis 2. These are:
A) Prophase 2
Chromosomes begin to condense.
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
Spindle fibre form and begin to attach with
centromeres.
B) Metaphase 2
Chromosomes are arranged at the centre of the
both daughter cells.
Chromosomes are short and thick.
C) Anaphase 2
Chromosomes get divided.
Sister chromatids move towards opposite poles with
continuous contraction of spindle fibre.
D) Telophase 2
Sister chromatids are arrived at the poles.
Hydration of chromosomes.
Formation of nuclear membrane and nucleolus.
 Cytokinesis of Meiosis 2
Cytokinesis of the daughter cells cause the formation of two cells, in
other words from the two daughter cells of the first meiotic division,
four cells are produced each with haploid set of chromosomes
Perbedaan Mitosis dan Meiosis
 Gametogenesis

1. Pada • Spermatogenesis
hewan/manusia • Oogenesis

2. Pada • Mikrosporogenesis
Tumbuhan • Megasporogenesis
 Spermatogenesis
• Terjadi pada Testes
 Oogenesis
• Terjadi pada ovarium
 Mikrosporogenesis

•
Terjad Kepala
i pada sari/anthera
: •Anteridium
 Megasporogenesis

Terjadi Ovulum
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pada : Arkegonium
●