Digital Logic Design

Boolean Algebra Laws

Commutative Laws:
The commutative laws are applied to addition and multiplication. For
addition, the commutative law states
In terms of the result, the order in which variables are OR makes
no difference.

A+B=B+A
For multiplication, the commutative law states
In terms of the result, the order in which variables are ANDed
makes no difference.

AB = BA
Boolean Algebra Laws
Associative Laws:
The associative laws are also applied to addition and multiplication.
For addition, the associative law states
When OR more than two variables, the result is the same
regardless of the grouping of the variables.
A + (B +C) = (A + B) + C
For multiplication, the associative law states
When AND more than two variables, the result is the same
regardless of the grouping of the variables.
A(BC) = (AB)C
Boolean Algebra Laws
Distributive Law:
The distributive law is the factoring law. A common variable can be
factored from an expression just as in ordinary algebra. That is
AB + AC = A(B+ C)
The distributive law can be illustrated with equivalent circuits:

A
AB
B B
B+ C
C X
X A
A AC
C

A(B+ C) AB + AC
Boolean Algebra Rules
RULES OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
DE Morgan’s Theorem
De Morgan’s Theorem
DeMorgan’s 1st Theorem
The complement of a product of variables is equal to the sum of the
complemented variables.

A A
AB A+B
B B

NAND Negative-OR

Inputs Output
A B AB A + B
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
DE Morgan’s Theorem
De Morgan's 2nd Theorem
The complement of a sum of variables is equal to the product of the
complemented variables.
A A
A+B AB
B B

NOR Negative-AND

Inputs Output
A B A + B AB
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
Examples
Examples
Simplification Using Boolean Algebra
Example:
Z = ABC + A B C + ABC + ABC + ABC

= ABC + AB (C + C) + AB(C + C)

= A BC + AB + AB

= A BC + A( B + B)

= A BC + A
Example

(A + B).(A + C)
A.A + A.C + A.B + B.C – Distributive law
A + A.C + A.B + B.C (A.A = A)
A(1 + C) + A.B + B.C – Distributive law
A.1 + A.B + B.C (1 + C = 1)
A(1 + B) + B.C – Distributive law
A.1 + B.C – Identity OR law (1 + B = 1)
A + (B.C) – Identity AND law (A.1 = A)
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Example
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