Group Theory

Kernel of an Injective
Homomorphism
Kernel of an Injective Homomorphism

Theorem
A homomorphism
h: G→G' is injective
if and only if
Ker h={e}.

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Kernel of an Injective Homomorphism

Proof
Suppose h is injective,
and let x ∊ Ker h.
Then h(x)=e'=h(e).
Hence x=e.

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Kernel of an Injective Homomorphism

Conversely, suppose
Ker h={e}.
Then h(x)=h(y)
⇒h(xy-1)=h(x)h(y -1)
=h(x)h(y)-1=e'
⇒xy-1∊ Ker h
⇒ xy-1=e
⇒x=y.
Hence, h is injective.

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Group Theory

Factor Groups from

Normal Subgroups
Factor Groups from Normal Subgroups

Theorem
Let K be a normal
subgroup of G.
Then y: G→G/K given by
y(g)=gK is a
homomorphism with
kernel K.

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Factor Groups from Normal Subgroups

Proof
Let g1, g2 ∊ G. Then
y(g1g2)=(g1g2)K
=(g1K)(g2K)=y(g1)y(g2),
so y is a homomorphism.
Since g1K= K if and only if
g1∊ K, we see that the
kernel of y is indeed K.

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Factor Groups from Normal Subgroups

We have proved that if

h:G→G' is a
homomorphism with
kernel K, then
µ:G/K→h[G] where µ(gK)
= h(g) is an isomorphism.
Above theorem shows
that y:G→G/K defined by
y(g)= gK is a
homomorphism.

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Factor Groups from Normal Subgroups

We show these groups

and maps in the figure.
h We see that the
G h[G] homomorphism h can be
factored, h = µy,
y 𝜇
where y is a
G/K homomorphism and µ is
an isomorphism of G/K
with h[ G].

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Group Theory

Example on Morphism
Theorem of Groups
Example on Morphism Theorem of Groups

Theorem
Let K be the kernel of the
group morphism
h :G → G'. Then G/K is
isomorphic to the image
of h, h[G], and the
isomorphism
µ: G/K → Im h
is defined by
µ(Kg) = h[g].
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Example on Morphism Theorem of Groups

Example
Classify the group
(ℤ4xℤ2) /({0}x ℤ2)
according to the
fundamental theorem of
finitely generated abelian
groups.

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Example on Morphism Theorem of Groups

Solution
The projection map
π1: ℤ4xℤ2→ℤ4 given by
π1(x,y) = x is a
homomorphism of ℤ4xℤ2
onto ℤ4 with kernel
{0}xℤ2. By fundamental
theorem of
homomorphism, we
know that the given
factor group is
isomorphic to ℤ4.
Example on Morphism Theorem of Groups

The projection map

π1: ℤ4xℤ2→ℤ4 given by
π1(x,y) = x.
K=Ker π1={0}xℤ2
={(0,0),(0,1)}.
(1,0)+K={(1,0),(1,1)}
(2,0)+K={(2,0),(2,1)}
(3,0)+K={(3,0),(3,1)}

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