INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
HELLO!
The reporters are:
Hanz Espiritu
Errol Manaog
Marc Elmerson Abil
Jhan Michael Pantaleon

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The Anatomy and Main Parts of the Integumentary System
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Functions
✘ The skin acts as a protective barrier on top of
our body.
✘ It produces vitamin D under the influence of
UV sunlight and also produces cytokines and
growth factors.
✘ To repair minor injuries, new cells are formed
from the stratum germinativum.
✘ It keeps the body in shape and hydrates it.
✘ The skin is extremely useful for mobility and
manipulation.

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 THE FIVE “TIONS” FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
✘ ABSORPTION- absorb vitamins, acids, water, and
oxygen to keep our skin moisturized and nourished
✘ EXCRETION- The body's largest waste elimination
system. Toxins are secreted through the sweat glands and
pores.
✘ SECRETION- To protect the skin from outside
invasion, the skin secretes sebum, which is acidic in nature.
✘ REGULATION- The skin regulates the body's
temperature by sweating, which emits heat and cools the
body. Muscle contraction releases energy, which warms the
body.
7 ✘ SENSATION- Humans can detect sensations such as
 ORGANS
The Parts of Integumentary System

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 SKIN
✘ The skin acts as a barrier between the body and the
outside environment, preventing dehydration.
✘ The integumentary system protects the body's
internal living tissues and organs, defends against
infectious organism invasion, and keeps the body
hydrated.

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 PARTS OF THE
SKIN
Epidermis
✘ Squamous epithelium that has been keratinized and
stratified. Depending on where it is in the body, it has
five layers which helps the skin to rebuild. There are
no blood vessels within it.
✘ It is completely reliant on the dermis for nourishment
delivery and waste elimination via the basement
membrane.

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 5 LAYERS OF
EPIDERMIS
✘ Stratum Basale- deepest epidermal layer; this single layer of cells
produces all keratinocytes; Merkel cell and melanocyte are found
here.
✘ Stratum Spinosum- strengthen the bond between the cell; spiny
structure due to protruding of cells processes.
✘ Stratum Granulosum- grainy appearance; the cell becomes
flatter and cell membrane becomes thicker; produces mass amount of
keratin.
✘ Stratum Lucidum- smooth, translucent layer of epidermis;
composed of dead flattened cells
✘ Stratum Corneum- superficial layer of the epidermis;
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Prevents microbial penetration and dehydration of underlying
 CELLS FOUND IN
EPIDERMIS
✘ Squamous cells are the most
common type of cell in the
body. Its function is to
absorb and do filtration
processes.
✘ Melanocytes positioned near
the base of the epidermis and
produce melanin. This is
responsible for the skin's
hue.
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✘ Basal cells are responsible in
producing new skin cells and
push old cells into skin
surface.
✘ Keratinocytes purpose is to
guard against microbial, viral,
fungal, and parasitic invasion,
as well as to guard against UV
radiation and to limit heat,
solute, and water loss.
 OTHER TYPES OF CELLS FOUND IN
THE EPIDERMIS

✘ Merkel Cells- these ✘ Langerhans Cells-

are mechanoreceptors exist in the surface of
that mediate touch the skin. In addition
and hair movement to protecting your
are slowly evolving. skin from infection, it
also stimulates
allergic reactions.

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 PARTS OF THE
SKIN
Dermis
✘ The dermis is the core of the integumentary system.
It is made up of blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and
other structures including hair follicles and sweat
glands.
✘ Much thicker than epidermis.
✘ Sustain and support epidermis.

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 TWO LAYERS OF DERMIS
Papillary Layer Reticular Layer
✘ This layer is formed of ✘ It is made up of dense,
loose, areolar uneven connective tissue.
connective tissue, which ✘ This layer is strongly
means the collagen and vascularized and has a
elastin fibers form a plentiful supply of sensory
loose mesh. and sympathetic nerves
✘ Elastic and Collagen fibers
✘ Nutrition delivery to
are found here.
specific layers of the
epidermis and
15 temperature regulation.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE DERMIS (CELLS AND
STRUCTURES)

✘ Blood Vessels- transport nutrients and oxygen to the

skin while also removing cell waste and cell
products.
✘ Lymph Vessels- the milky liquid that includes the
immune system's infection-fighting cells. As the
lymph travels to the lymph nodes, these cells work to
kill any infection or invading organisms.
✘ Hair Follicle- a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds
and nourishes the section of the hair that is
underneath the epidermis.
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 GLANDS IN THE DERMIS
Sweat Glands
✘ known as sudoriferous gland.
✘ tiny tubular structures of the skin that
create perspiration.
✘ exocrine glands, which generate and exude
chemicals onto an epithelial surface via a
duct.

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 TWO TYPES OF SWEAT
GLANDS
Apocrine Gland Eccrine Glands
✘ specialized sweat glands ✘ true sweat glands found
found in armpit and entirely in the body.
pubic regions. ✘ sustain homoeostasis,
✘ emit a milky sweat that primarily through
promotes the growth of maintaining body
the bacteria that causes temperature stability.
body odor. ✘ Secrets liters of sweat
per day.

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 GLANDS IN THE DERMIS
Sebaceous Glands
✘ Oil secreting glands
✘ Except for the palms of the hands and the soles of the
feet, it can be found anywhere on the body.
✘ aids to maintain skin impermeable and protects
against bacterial and fungal development on the skin.
✘ Sebum- It protects, hydrates, and coats your skin.
It's also the primary component of what you may
consider your body's natural oils.
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 FUNCTIONS OF THE DERMIS (CELLS AND
STRUCTURES)

✘ Nerve Endings- pain and touch receptors

send pain, itch, pressure, and temperature
information to the brain for interpretation.
A sensory neuron's unencapsulated
dendrite.
✘ Mast Cells- Vasoactive chemical granules
are found in mast cells. They play a role in
the skin's immunological and
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inflammatory responses.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE DERMIS (CELLS AND
STRUCTURES)

✘ Collagen- is a stiff, insoluble protein

found in connective tissues that hold
muscles and organs in place throughout the
body.
✘ Elastin- elastic tissues in the skin wherein
when skin is probed or pinched, it returns
to its original position.

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 Hypodermis
• It connects the skin to the underlying fascia of the bones
and muscles.
• Insulation and cushioning for the integument are
provided by this style of fat storage. It serves as the
skin's primary structural support, as well as insulating
the body from cold and aiding in shock absorption. It is
tangled up with blood vessels and nerves.
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HAIR AND NAILS

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 HAIR AND IT’S PARTS

Hairs
✘ Filamentous cornified structures
✘ Hairs have a crucial role in sensing,
thermoregulation, and protection from
damage and sun radiation.
✘ Two types of hair which are Vellus and
Terminal hair

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 PARTS OF THE HAIR

✘ Hair Follicles- Hair growth is controlled

by the hair follicle through a complex
combination of hormones, neuropeptides,
and immune cells.
✘ Hair Bulb- is found at the base of each
hair follicle and houses your developing
hair cells. The cause of hardening and
growth of hair.
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 PARTS OF THE HAIR

✘ Hair Shaft- It is composed of keratin, a

protein that has been crushed and bonded
together. Hair shafts are made of dead
cells. The basic goal is to trap a layer of air
to increase insulation.

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 THREE LAYERS OF HAIR SHAFT

✘ Medulla-The medulla is the hair shaft's

innermost layer. This practically undetectable
layer is the softest and most fragile, and it
functions as the hair's pith or marrow.
✘ Cortex- forms the majority of your hair's
volume and pigment . It is made up of long
keratin filaments linked together by disulfide
and hydrogen bonds. The health of your cortex
is heavily reliant on the integrity of the cuticle
that protects it.
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 THREE LAYERS OF HAIR SHAFT

✘ Cuticle- it is the hair’s protective layer. It

also reduces moisture flow into and out of
the underlying cortex, preserving your
hair's hydration balance and flexibility.

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 PARTS OF THE HAIR

✘ Hair Matrix- The hair matrix acts as a

foundation for the hair shaft. Hair is
produced by the hair matrix. The active
dividing portion of the hair bulb that
creates hair is known as the hair matrix.
✘ Papilla- a large structure located at the
base of the hair follicle The papilla is
mostly composed of connective tissue and
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a capillary loop.
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NAIL PARTS AND
FUNCTIONS
 NAIL AND ITS PARTS
Nails
✘ They are made up of keratin-filled scales
that are compressed and stacked.
✘ preventing injuries to the distal phalanx,
fingertip, and adjacent soft tissues.
✘ Enhance precise sensitive movements of
the distal fingers by applying counter-
pressure to the finger pulp.
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 NAIL STRUCTURES AND
FUNCTIONS
✘ Free Edge- This is white and is linked to
the nail bed. Protect the fingertip and
hyponychium.
✘ Nail Plate- A rectangular and convex
structure is embedded within the nail folds.
It protects the nail bed in our fingers and
toes.
✘ Nail Folds- It protects the space between
the nail and the epidermis from germs.
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 NAIL STRUCTURES AND
FUNCTIONS
✘ Lunula- the white “half-moon shape” spot at the tip
of a fingernail. Changes in form, structure, and color
are examples of lunular abnormalities.
✘ Cuticle- The overlaying skin that encircles the nail.
Its job is to keep microorganisms and physical
damage from infiltrating the matrix.
✘ Nail Bed- Delicate tissue that is pinkish in color
behind your nail plate. This is done to avoid
microbial infection and debris accumulation.

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 NAIL STRUCTURES AND
FUNCTIONS
✘ Nail Matrix- the framework from which
the nail plate develops To produce the nail
plate, cornified cells from the matrix are
gradually extruded distally. It is the only
living portion of the nail and contains
nerves and blood arteries that allow for cell
multiplication.
✘ Hyponychium- very vascular and
sensitive, responsible to stops external
37 substances getting under your nail.
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Mechanisms
 ✘ The vast blood supply of the skin aids in
temperature regulation: dilated vessels
enable heat dissipation, while constricted
vessels retain heat.
✘ With its blood supply, the skin regulates
body temperature.
✘ The skin contributes to homeostasis.
Humidity influences thermoregulation by
restricting sweat evaporation and, as a result,
41 heat loss.
 ✘ Heat radiates from the skin surface when
capillary blood flow to the skin is increased
(through nervous system controls);
restricting blood flow conserves body heat.
With its blood supply, the skin regulates
body temperature.
✘ Sweat gland activity, i.e., when perspiration
evaporates from the skin's surface, heat is
lost.
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Diseases and Treatments
 MELANOMA
✘ It is one of the least frequent types of skin
cancer, but it is also the deadliest because of its
ability to spread to other parts of the body.
✘ a kind of skin cancer that develops when
pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes
change and begin to divide uncontrollably.
✘ Its causes include having your skin exposed to
sunlight or being sunburned regularly, as well as
having a personal or family history of
melanoma.
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 TREATMENTS
✘ Skin cancer treatment is comparable to that
of other malignancies. However, unlike
many malignancies found inside the body,
the malignant tissue is easier to access and
remove completely. As a result, surgery is
the most commonly used treatment option
for melanoma.

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 ECZEMA
✘ Atopic dermatitis, often known as eczema, is a
common skin ailment characterized by itchy and
irritated patches of skin. Eczema is characterized by
itchy, dry, rough, flaky, inflammatory, and irritated
skin. It can flare up, then diminish, only to flare up
again.
✘ Normally, the immune system ignores proteins that
are naturally present in the body and assaults only
proteins from invading organisms such as bacteria or
viruses.
✘ In eczema, the immune system loses its ability to
47 distinguish between the two, resulting in
 TREATMENTS
✘ Topical corticosteroid creams and ointments are anti-
inflammatory drugs that should alleviate the primary
symptoms of eczema, such as irritation and irritation.
✘ If eczema coexists with a bacterial skin infection,
doctors will prescribe antibiotics. They also
administered antiviral and antifungal drugs for fungal
and viral infections.

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 INGROWN
NAIL/ONYCHOGRYPHOSIS
✘ The pressure from the ingrowth of the nail
edge into the skin of the toe causes an
ingrown toenail (onychogryphosis). When
the edge of the nail penetrates the skin, it
causes inflammation. It may begin as a
little annoyance, but it may grow to an
infection in the neighboring skin and
become a recurring condition. The huge
toes are the most typically affected by
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ingrown toenails.
 TREATMENTS
✘ If there is only redness and pain and no pus,
the doctor may gently raise the ingrowing
nail edge and place cotton, dental floss, or a
splint under it. If the ingrown toenail is
severe, the doctor may trim or remove the
ingrown section of the nail.
✘ To treat an ingrown toenail at home, soak it
in warm water and then apply antibiotic
cream.
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 ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA
✘ It is the most prevalent type of hair loss.
This condition, commonly known as male-
pattern hair loss or female-pattern hair
loss, causes permanent hair loss from the
scalp.

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 TREATMENTS
✘ Minoxidil is a topical medicine that
increases hair growth in persons with
androgenetic alopecia, and vitamin
supplements may be prescribed if
nutritional shortages exist.

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 MELANOMA

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 ECZEMA

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 INGROWN NAIL

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 ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA

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 Proper Care for the Integumentary System
✘ When bathing, you ✘ Manage your ✘ When exposing
should use gentle
stress because it yourself to the sun
soaps and minimize
your bath time might make your for an extended
because long showers skin more period of time,
or baths eliminate sensitive and wear a broad-
oils from your skin. cause acne spectrum
✘ Maintain a balanced outbreaks and sunscreen.
diet to help you look other skin
and feel your best. A ✘ Get more rest.
diet high in fish oil
problems. Every night, our
and low in harmful ✘ Keeping your bodies require 7 to
fats will support skin hydrated is 9 hours of
healthy, youthful
made easier by restorative sleep to
skin.
drinking plenty heal, revitalize, and
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of water. repair.
THANK
S!

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