ALPHABET PRONUNCIATION

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

I  Yo 1st person

You  Tú 2nd person

He  Él Singular

She  Ella 3rd person

It  Eso (cosa, animal)

We  Nosotros 1st person

You  Ustedes 2nd person Plural

3rd person
They  Ellos
SIMPLE PRESENT
VERB TO BE
 VERB TO BE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
Affirmative forms of the verb to be:

Subject Pronouns Full Form Contracted Form

I am 'm

you are 're

he/she/it is 's

we are 're

you are 're

they are 're

 Affirmative Structure Verb TO BE

• Subject (Personal Pronoun or Noun) + Verb To be + Complement (Assignation to the subject with and
adjective, state, age, nationality or a physical place ).

• Examples:
• I am happy.
• She is helpful.
• Mario is 20 years old.
• We are students.
• Luis and Raul are here.
• The cat is upstairs.
Negative Forms of the verb to be:

Subject Pronouns Full Form Contracted Form

I am not 'm not

you are not aren't

he/she/it is not isn't

we are not aren't

you are not aren't

they are not aren't

 Negative Structure Verb To Be
• Subject (Personal Pronoun or Noun) + Verb To be in Negative+ Complement (Assignation to the subject with and adjective,
state, age, nationality or a physical place ).
• Examples:
• She is not nice.
• The car isn’t here.
• My mom isn’t dull.
• Marcela and Joshua are not together.
• The dog, cat and parrot aren’t puppies.
• It is not a chair.
• I am not chinese.
• The shack is not blue.
Interrogative forms of the verb to be:

Am I?

Are you?

Is he/she/it?

Are we?

Are you?

Are they?
 Interrogative Structure of the verb to be
• Verb To be in Affirmative + Subject (Personal Pronoun or Noun) + Complement (Assignation to the subject with and adjective, state, age,
nationality or a physical place) ?
• Examples:
• Is she here?
• Yes, she is. (short answer)
• Yes, she is here. (long answer)
• No, she isn’t. (short answer)
• No, she is not here. (long answer)
• Am I wrong?
• Yes, you are. (short answer)
• Yes, you are wrong. (long answer)
• No, you are not. (short answer)
• No, you aren’t wrong. (long answer)
• Are you Ecuadorian? / Are you, the whole group, Ecuadorian?
• Yes, I am. (short answer)
• Yes, I am Ecuadorian. (long answer)
• No, I’m not. (short answer)
• No, I am not Ecuadorian (long answer)
INDEFINITE
ARTICLES
THE /A /AN
 THE

• The is the most used article to start a sentence.

• An article is a word that is used alongside a noun.
• When the noun following THE starts with a consonant or sounds like a consonant, THE
sounds like “Zdi”.
• Ex: The night watch; The one, The university, The helicopter.

• When the noun following THE starts with a vowel (that sounds like a vowel), THE sounds like
“Zda”.
• Ex: The Avengers, The oblivion, The inconvenient, The honest man.
 A / AN

•Indefinite articles are invariable. You use one or the other, depending on the first letter of the word
following the article, for pronunciation reasons (for A or AN).

•Use a when the next word starts with a consonant, or before words starting in u and eu when they
sound like you.
•Use an when the next word starts with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a mute h.

•We can use a or an to:

• Refer to something for the first time.
• Use a with names of jobs.
• Use a with nationalities and religions in the singular form.
• Use a to refer to an example of something.
• Use a with singular nouns after the words 'what' and 'such'.
 Examples
•A helicopter
•A boy •An elephant

•An apple •A big elephant

•A car
• An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
• John is a doctor.
• John is an englishman.
• It was a very strange car .
• What a shame !
• She's such a beautiful girl .
• What a lovely day !
 COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES

• The word 'nationality' is not often used in spoken english. It is a formal and official word and it
appears more frequently in written english. You will find the word 'nationality' is used a lot in the
travel industry and for immigration.
• We almost never say: What is your nationality?

• We usually say: Where are you from? OR Where do you come from?
• To tell someone your nationality you don't say: My nationality is Chilean.

• You say: I'm Chilean

• The most common suffix for nationalities in english is –AN.
• For example: Italian, Chilean, Russian, Indian

• Stress the syllable before –an or –ian.

DAYS OF THE WEEK