DIRECT

OPHTHLMOSCOPY
ANKITA ROY
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It is the most commonly practiced method for routine fundus

examination. An ophthalmoscope is particularly useful for
examining the structures of the retina the light sensitive area at the
Introduction of direct back of the eye responsible for processing images . Examiner can
ophthalmoscope use direct ophthalmoscope to identify healthy structures within the
eyeball, and easily diagnose the symptoms of diseases of the eye.
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Ophthalmoscope image -
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 Today diagnose opacities in the refractive media

Any opacity in the refractive media is seen as a black Shadow in the red glow the
exact location of the opacity can be determined by observing the parallactic
replacement. For this the patient is asked to move the eye up and down while the
examiner is observing the pupillary glow. The opposite is in the pupillary plane remain
stationary. Those in front of pupillary plane move in the direction of the movement of
the eye and those behind it will move in opposite direction.

Applications  To differentiate between a mole and a hole of the iris

A small hole and a mole on the lens appear as a black spot on oblique illumination. On
the distance direct ophthalmoscopy, the mole looks black(as earlier) but a red reflex is
same through the hole in the lens.

 To recognize detached retina or a tumor rising from the fundus

A grayish reflex seen on the distinct direct ophthalmoscopy indicate either a detached
retina order tumor arising from the fundus
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The ophthalmoscopic field of vision is always smaller than the field of

illumination in direct ophthalmoscopy. It is affected by the following
factors:

• It is directly proportional to the size of the pupil of observed eye.

• It is directly proportional to the axial length of the observed eye.
Field Of Vision • It is inversely proportional to the distance between the observed and the
observer's eye.
• The smaller the sight whole of the ophthalmoscope , the better the field of
vision
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 Direct ophthalmoscopey should be performed in a semidark room with

the patient seated and looking straight ahead, while the
observer standing or seated slightly over to the side
of the eye to be examined.The patient’s right eye should be examined by the
Technique of direct observer with his or her right eye, and left with the left.
ophthalmoscopey  The observer should reflect beam of light from the ophthalmoscope into
patient’s pupil once the red reflex is seen, the observer should move as close
to the patient’s eye as possible ( at the
anterior focal plane of the patient’s eye ,I. e. 15.4mmfrom the cornea ).
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 The direct ophthalmoscope should then be focused by twirling the dial

for the Reskoss disc, which has several plus and minus powered lasers,
The optimal focusing lens on the Reskoss disc depends on the patient’s
refractive error, the examiner’s refractive error and the examination distance.
Technique of direct
ophthalmoscopey  Once the retina is focused, the details should be examined systematically
starting from disc, blood vessels, the four quadrants of the general backgroI’d
and the macula by utilizing the various illumination options and apertures
provided in the direct ophthalmoscope.
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MR. No-01/2020
Name – Anisha Saha
Age - 30
Sex - F
Address –Khowai
Occupation- Teacher
Case -01 Date- 11/11/2020
Chief complain – Dimness of Vision, eye pain
Past history -Nil
Operativ e history –Nil
Personal history – Taking Tobacco Alcohol
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/18
OS-6/18
VA(aided)= OD-6/9
OS-6/9
Fundas= OD – Abnormal blood vessel growth in the Retina
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MR. No-02/2020
Name – Pijush Sinha
Age - 21
Sex - M
Address – Kalyanpur
Occupation- Student

Case -02 Date – 11/11/2020

Chief complain – Headache
Past history -Nil
Operativ e history –Nil
Personal history – Nil
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/6
OS-6/6(p)
VA(aided)= OD-6/6
OS-6/6
Fundas= OD – Both eye normal
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MR. No-03/2020
Name – Anuradha Sharma
Age - 52
Sex - F
Address – Sonamura
Occupation- Bank manager
Date – 11/11/2020
Chief complain – Redness, watering, blurred vision
Case -03 Past history - Ocular
Operativ e history –cataract Surgery before 3 Years
Personal history – Diabetes
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/36
OS-6/36
VA(aided)= OD-6/18(p)
OS-6/18
Fundas= OD – Both eye retinal blood vessel swell of leak Fluid.
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MR. No-04/2020
Name – Rohan Sen
Age - 46
Sex - M
Address – Belonia
Occupation- Designer
Date – 11/11/2020
Chief complain – Difficulty reading, pain, blurred vision
Case -04 Past history – Eye injury
Operativ e history –Nil
Personal history – High blood pressure
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/18
OS-6/18(p)
VA(aided)= OD-6/9
OS-6/9
Fundas= OD – Both eye Hemorrhage of blood vessels
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MR. No-05/2020
Name – Rakesh Barua
Age - 42
Sex - M
Address – Melaghar
Occupation- Teacher
Date – 11/11/2020
Chief complain - Blurred vision
Case -05 Past history – Nil
Operativ e history –Nil
Personal history – Arthrities
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/12
OS-6/18(p)
VA(aided)= OD-6/9
OS-6/12
Fundas= OD – Both eye holes in the retina
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MR. No-06/2020
Name – Sunita Sutradhar
Age - 24
Sex - F
Address – Kailasahar
Occupation- Student
Date – 12/11/2020
Chief complain - Blurred vision
Case -06 Past history – Nil
Operativ e history –Nil
Personal history – Nil
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/24
OS-6/24
VA(aided)= OD-6/6
OS-6/6
Fundas= OD – Both eye normal
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MR. No-07/2020
Name – Anaya Jain
Age - 55
Sex - F
Address – Sabroom
Occupation- Nurse
Date – 12/11/2020
Chief complain – Floaters, mild pain, Blurred Vision
Case -07 Past history – Watering
Operativ e history – Lasik Surgery
Personal history – Allergy and high blood pressure
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/36
OS-6/36
VA(aided)= OD-6/9
OS-6/9
Fundas= Hemorrhage of blood vessels & cotton wool spot
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MR. No-08/2020
Name – Anikash Roy
Age - 53
Sex - M
Address – Khowai
Occupation- Nurse
Date – 12/11/2020
Chief complain – Floaters, Blurred Vision
Case -08 Past history – Nil
Operativ e history – Nil
Personal history – Nil
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/36
OS-6/36
VA(aided)= OD-6/12
OS-6/12(p)
Fundas= Both eye growth of abnormal blood vessels
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MR. No-09/2020
Name – Akash Baidya
Age - 21
Sex - M
Address – Dharmanagar
Occupation- Student
Date – 12/11/2020
Chief complain – mild headache, eyestrain or eye ache
Case -09 Past history – Nil
Operativ e history – Nil
Personal history – Nil
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/36
OS-6/24(p)
VA(aided)= OD-6/6
OS-6/6
Fundas= Both eye normal
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MR. No-10/2020
Name – Anaya Baidya
Age - 26
Sex - F
Address – Agartala
Occupation- Engineer
Date – 12/11/2020
Chief complain – headache, eye ache
Case -10 Past history – Nil
Operativ e history – Nil
Personal history – Nil
VA (Unaided) =OD-6/36(p)
OS-6/36
VA(aided)= OD-6/6
OS-6/6
Fundas= Both eye normal