Week 1 Course Introduction - Aquatic Biotechnology

Weeks 1-2
Gene Detection and Diagnosis for Aquatic Organisms
Albert Linton Charles; Ph.D. (Food Biochemistry)

Department Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
Pingtung, Taiwan
Course Introduction
Aquatic Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Course Schedule
Items Course Content Time
1. Course Introduction Aquatic Biotechnology 5/4
2. Diagnostics Testing Quality Management of testing labs 5/4
3. Diagnostics Testing Issues to Diagnostic Testing 5/4
4. Visualization Cytology and Histology (Techniques) 5/11

5. Visualization Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Immunofluorescent chemistry 5/11
(IFC)
6. Visualization Electron Microscopy :(Scanning electron microscopy, SEM; 5/11
Transmission electron microscopy, TEM)
7. Culture Techniques Bacterial culture, Protozoal Culture 5/18
5/18
8. Culture Techniques Virus Culture, Fungal culture
9. (Mid-Semester) Student Reports 5/18
10. Serological Techniques ELISA); Fluorescent antibody testing (IFA); Immunodiffusion 5/25
(ID)
11. Serological Techniques Agglutination assays; Western Blot 5/25
12. Molecular Techniques Polymerase Chain Reaction 5/25
13. Molecular Techniques Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), DNA
fingerprinting 6/1
14. Molecular Techniques Microarray Analysis, In-situ hybridization
6/1

15. Blue Biotechnology Isolating bioactive compounds marine Organisms 6/1
16. Blue Biotechnology Isolation & Profiling of bioactive compounds 6/29
17. Course Summary Future Prospects & Challenges for Aquatic Biotechnology 6/29
18. (Final Semester) Student Presentations 6/29

Course Description
This course will explore the basic principles of tradition

and novel biotechnology tools used by clinical and
anatomic pathologists, electron microscopists,
microbiologists, and molecular and serological
diagnosticians in aquatic animal models. The course will
focus on the appropriate sampling, and handling
requirements for each technique. The course will
provide techniques on isolating and characterization of
bioactive compounds from marine organisms.

成績評定 Grade Policy
Evaluation Format Grade weight Schedule
In-Class & Paper-
Review Quiz
based; 3 30% (5/11; 5/25; 6/27)
Submit
Report
Midterm week
Assignment Paper- based 40%
(5/18)
In-Class Final Exams)
Presentation
POWERPOINT SLIDES 30% (6/29)

Chapter Contents
1. Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology

2. Aquaculture: Increasing the World’s Food Supply
Through Biotechnology
3. Genetic Technologies and Aquatic Organisms

4. Medical Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
5. Nonmedical Products
6. Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology

1. Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology
 Possibilities of utilizing aquatic organisms include
– Increasing the world's food supply
– Restoring and protecting marine ecosystems
– Identifying novel compounds for the benefit of human
health and medical treatments
– Improving the safety and quality of seafood
– Discovering and developing new products with
applications in the chemical industry
– Seeking new approaches to monitor and treat disease
– Increasing knowledge of biological and geochemical
processes in the world's oceans

2 - Aquaculture: Increasing the World's Food
Supply Through Biotechnology
• Aquaculture – cultivation of aquatic animals
and aquatic plants for recreational or
commercial purposes

Aquaculture: Increasing the World's Food Supply
 The Economics of Aquaculture

– Demand for products expected to
grow by 70% during the next 30
years
– According to the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of
the United Nations, ~50% of all fish
stocks are fully exploited and
another 30% are overexploited,
depleted, or recovering
– ~50% of all fish that humans consume worldwide are produced by
aquaculture
– China is the world's leader and the US ranks 13th in total
aquaculture production

Fish-Farming Practices
– Culturing aquatic organisms not only for
human consumption
• Providing bait fish for commercial and recreational
fishing
• Harvesting anchovies, herring, and sardines to
make fishmeal and oils used in animal feed for
poultry, cattle, swine, and other fish
• Growing pearls
• Isolating pharmaceutical agents
• Breeding ornamental fish and fish for stocking




• Innovations in Fish Farming
– In West Virginia, biologists are using
abandoned coal mines to raise cold-water
species such as rainbow trout and arctic char
– Polyculture – raising more than one species
in the same controlled environment
– Hydroponic systems – small-volume,
water-flowing systems in which vegetables or
herbs are cultured in racks through which
wastewater from fish tanks can flow

• Improving Strains for Aquaculture
– Methods designed to improve certain qualities
• Growth rate
• Fat content
– Using ultrasound machines or bioimpedance to estimate
fillet yield
• Taste
• Texture
• Color

Enhancing Seafood Quality and Safety
– Create finfish and shellfish species of the
color, taste, and texture consumers want
– Molecular probes and PCR-based assays are
being developed for detecting bacteria,
viruses, and a host of parasites that infect
finfish and shellfish

 Barriers and Limitations to Aquaculture
– Not all species suited
• Long complicated life cycles of many marine organisms
– Disease
• Crowded conditions, less genetic diversity, disease
resistance, infections can spread rapidly
– Excessive consumption of wild caught bait fish
– Pollution from fish farms
• Feces, urine, uneaten food
• Discharge of antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, algicides and
other chemicals
• Federal regulations

 The Future of Aquaculture
– Overcoming the barriers
– Use of biotechnology to increase growth and
productivity and improve disease resistance

3 - Genetic Technologies and Aquatic Organisms
 Basic knowledge of gene expression and
regulation in aquatic organisms
 Understanding genes involved in processes
such as reproduction, growth, development, and
survival at extreme conditions
 Learning more about immune systems of aquatic
species

Genetic Technologies and Aquatic Organisms
• Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes

– Growth hormone
– Antifreeze proteins (AFP)
• Lower the freezing temperature of fish blood and
extracellular fluids
• Create transgenic fish and plants with enhanced
resistance to cold temperatures and freezing
• Use AFP promoter sequences to stimulate
expression of transgenes
• Enhance cryoprotection of human cells, tissues,
and organs




– "Green Genes" – genes that code for green
fluorescent protein (GFP)
• Bioluminescence (red, yellow, and orange)
• Used to create reporter gene constructs
– Allow detection of the expression of genes of interest



– Cloning genomes of marine pathogens
• Learn about genes these organisms use to
reproduce and cause disease
– Chilean scientist deciphered the genome of P. salmonis
which causes which infects salmon
– Genetics of Pfiesteria piscicida, a toxic dinoflagellate
which may be responsible for major fish kills and shell
fish disease
– Study oyster pathogens



• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and

Shellfish
– Create fish that grow faster and are healthier
• Transgenics
• Triploids
– No transgenic fish has been approved for
human consumption by the FDA



Shellfish
– Aqua Bounty Technologies has created a
transgenic salmon that grows 400% to 600%
faster than nontransgenic salmon
• GH gene
• Regulatory sequences from Chinook salmon,
which has more rapid growth, and larger adults
• Regulatory sequence from ocean pout which
allows growth during winter
– Reach market size in 18 months instead of 30
months

 Genetic manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish

– Aqua Bounty Technologies salmon are not approved
by the FDA
– Main risk assessment concern is ecological impacts
– Aqua Bounty says these transgenic salmon are
female and 99.8% are sterile triploids

 Genetic manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish

– In 2004 Yorktown Industries of Austin, TX
announced they had created the GloFish, a
transgenic strain of zebrafish containing the
fluorescent protein gene from sea anemones
• Fluoresce bright pink when illuminated with UV
light
• First genetically modified pet sold in US
– Antibiotechnology groups voiced protests

Shellfish
– In addition to transgenic species, polyploid
species also created
– Most are triploid
– Subject fish eggs to conditions which interfere
with cell division, so that they then mature
with an extra set of chromosomes
– Grow 30% to 50% more rapidly
– Sterile



4 - Medical Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
A wide number of marine species contain
or are suspected to contain compounds of
biomedical interest
– Antibiotics, antiviral molecules, anticancer
compounds, and insecticides

Medical Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
 Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from the Sea

– A side number of marine species may contain
compounds of biomedical interest
• Osteoporosis – salmon produce a form of calcitonin
with a bioactivity 20 times higher than that of human
calcitonin
– Hydroxyapatite (HA) – important component of the matrix
of bone and cartilage
– HA implants used to fill gaps in fractured bones
• Adhesive called byssal fibers found in mussels



– Anti-inflammatory and analgesics, and anticancer
compounds isolated from marine invertebrates
– Marine cone snails produce conotoxins which target
specific neurotransmitter receptors
• In 2004, the FDA approved the drug Prialt which acts as a
strong painkiller
• Used to treat severe chronic pain.
– Yondelis, an antitumor drug isolated from the sea squirt
binds in the minor groove of DNA and inhibits cell
division by blocking transcription and DNA repair



– Japanese pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) produces a
potent nerve cell toxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX)
• 10,000 times more lethal than cyanide
• Prized delicacy in Japan
– Scientists use TTX to better understand how
sodium channels help neurons produce
electrical impulses
– Led to development of new drugs being tested
as anesthetics and anticancer agents


5 - Nonmedical Products
Enzymes
– DNA polymerases
– Ligases
– Restriction enzymes
– Proteases
– Collagenase
Carrageenan
– Used in processed foods, toothpaste

Nonmedical Products
Biomass
– Harvest chemical energy from biomass such
as seaweeds, marine grasses, and planktons
Bioprocessing
– Algae may be valuable for expressing
recombinant proteins

6 - Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
Antifouling Agents
– Biofilming (biofouling) – attachment of
organisms to surfaces
• Hulls of ships, inner lining of pipes, cement walls,
and pilings used around piers, bridges, and
buildings
• Also occurs on the surface of marine organisms,
especially shellfish
• Barnacles, algae, mussels, clams, and bacteria

Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology


• Antifouling agents
– Traditional antifouling agents employed toxic
chemicals
• Copper-rich or mercury-rich paints
– Marine organisms use natural antifouling agents to
protect their own surfaces from biofilms
• Biosensors
– Vibro bacteria, which are bioluminescent have been
used to detect pollutants and toxins in waterways
based on changes in light intensity.
• Environmental Remediation

Week 1 Course Introduction - Aquatic Biotechnology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 1 Course Introduction - Aquatic Biotechnology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Weeks 1-2

Gene Detection and Diagnosis for Aquatic Organisms

Albert Linton Charles; Ph.D. (Food Biochemistry)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Visualization Cytology and Histology (Techniques) 5/11

7. Culture Techniques Bacterial culture, Protozoal Culture 5/18

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

This course will explore the basic principles of tradition

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

1. Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology

3. Genetic Technologies and Aquatic Organisms

6. Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The Economics of Aquaculture

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Genetic manipulations of Finfish and

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Genetic manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Genetic manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from the Sea

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from the Sea

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Bioprospecting to Isolate Medicines from the Sea

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.