RENVAL PKM

WHO Definition of Health 1

Health is
•more than the mere absence of illness

•physical well being

•mental well being

•social well being

•emotional well being

 WHO Definition of Health 2
Health is
• having the possibility to determine about one’s own life

• being able to satisfy basic needs:

– safe water and air, food and nutrition, clothing, shelter,

education (information and promotion)

• being able to use services and treatment:

– affordable, available, accessible, acceptable
 WHO Definition of Health 3
”...the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to
realise aspirations and satisfy needs; and on the other hand, to change or
cope with the environment.

Health is therefore seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective
of living; it is a positive concept emphasising social and personal
resources, as well as physical capacity.”

The Ottawa Charter Declaration

 Ottawa Charter for Health
Promotion
Prerequisites for health are
• Peace
• Shelter
• Education
• Food
• Income
• A stable eco-system
• Sustainable resources
• Social justice and equity
 BMZ Definition of Health
Health depends on
• the responsibility of the individual and the society for their life style and
behaviour 

• the health promoting or health destroying conditions of the daily life of

the people like peace, environmental care, social justice, gender
equality, decision making power over available resources, adequate
housing and shelter, safe water supply, sanitation, education and
nutrition (basic needs)

• an effective health care through health services

 Conclusion
Health is
• not an absolute term, it depends on historical and social
experience and the cultural context

• a balance, in which a person is in the position to

confront disturbances and is able to cope with them
Public Health
 Winslow 1920
• Science and art of preventing disease
• Prolonging life
• Promoting health and efficiency
• Through organized community effort for the
sanitation of environment
• Control of communicable infections
• The education of the individual and personal
hygiene
• The organization of medical and nursing
services for the early diagnosis and preventive
treatment of disease
• The development of the social machinery to
ensure everyone a standard of living adequate
for the maintenance f health
 Ikatan ahli kes mas indonesia (IAKMI)
• Adalah ilmu dan seni untuk meningkatkan
taraf hidup masyarakat yg meliputi usaha
peningkatan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan
masy, keluarga, maupun perorangan serta
penyehatan lingkungan hidupnya dlm bentuk
fisik, biologis, sosioekonomis dan sosiokultural
dg mengikutsertakan masyarakat
 Prinsip-prinsip
• Menekankan promotif dan preventif
• Menekankan masyarakat atau kumpulan
orang
• Lingkungan dalam arti luas
• Upaya terorganisasi
• Masyarakat sebagai subyek
• multisektoral
 Wawasan
• Ideologi dan konstitusi
• Nilai budaya
• Lingkungan ekologis
• Belajar dari sejarah
• Kecenderungan (trend), tantangan yang selalu
berkembang
Characteristics of Communities 1
Communities share
• common situations

• geographical areas

• educational background

• common ideas/behaviour

• cultural, political and social thinking

Characteristics of Communities 2
Communities are
• diverse and consist of different subgroups, which have different
roles, functions, interests and power in the community
 HEALTH EDUCATION
• Is any combination of learning
experiences designed to facilitate
voluntary adoptions of behavior
conducive to health
• The process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve
their health
 HEALTH PROMOTION
• Any combination of educational,
organizational, policy and regulatory
support for environmental and
behavioral changes conducive to
health
 GERAKAN GLOBAL
• OTTAWA CHARTER 1986 (first meeting)
* build healthy public policy
* create supportive environments
* strengthen community action
* develop personal skills
* reorient health services
 WHY PROMOTE HEALTH?
• Semua berawal dari deklarasi WHO 1946
“health is not merely the absence of the
disease, but a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being
• Sehat dipandang secara positif
• Masalahnya bukan sekedar tidak sakit, tetapi:
“what makes good health”
 HEALTH PROMOTION CHALLENGE

• People’s health is influenced not just by, or

even principally by, the availability of medical
treatment but by a range of measures in
outside the health sector (Lalonde, 1974)
• The action and intervention are needed
 Adelaide recommendation 1988
(second meeting)
Himbauan untuk meningkatkan investasi di
bidang kesehatan
• Mendukung gerakan perempuan
• Memperbaiki jaminan dan keamanan pangan
dan gizi
• Mengurangi konsumsi tembakau
• Menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung
hidup sehat
 The third meeting,
Sundsvall 1991
• Membahas faktor lingkungan global
• Perang
• Pertumbuhan penduduk
• Keterbatasan bahan makanan
• Degradasi sumberdaya alam
• Pentingnya pembangunan berkelanjutan dan
aksi sosial di masyarakat sebagai kekuatan
pembangunan
 Deklarasi Jakarta (fourth meeting
1997)
• Meningkatkan tanggungjawab sosial dlm kesehatan
• Meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dan
pemberdayaan individu
• Meningkatkan kemitraan untuk hidup sehat
• Meningkatkan investasi untuk pembangunan
kesehatan
• Mengembangkan infrastruktur untuk promosi
kesehatan
 Mexico meeting 2000
(fifth meeting)
Upaya untuk memperkuat Promosi Kesehatan:
• Memperkaya bukti ilmiah promosi kesehatan
• Meningkatkan investasi pemb. Kesehatan
• Meningkatkan tanggungjawab sosial dlm kesehatan
• Meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dan
pemberdayaan individu
• Melakukan reorientasi sistim pelayanan kesehatan
The Environment of Health Model
Mandala of Health
Butterfly Model of Health for an
Ecosystem Context
External External
Biophysical Socio Economic
Environment Environment

Elements Elements
Air Home/Family
Water Neighbours/Friends
Soil Workplace/Work ers
Climate Voluntary Organizations
Microbes Political Institutions
Plants Social Support Networks
Animals Health Care S ystem

Biophysical SocioEconomic
Environment Environment
Features Features
Air Quality & Quantity Early Childhood
Water Quality & Quantit y Development
Food Quality & Quantit y Personal Empowerment
Aesthetic Quality & Quantit y Community Attachmant
Social Support
The Natural History of a Disease