Lect 7m Class B

Chapter 12
Power
Amplifier
Class B
Amplifier
In class B, the transistor is biased
just off. The AC signal turns the
transistor on.
The transistor only conducts when it
is turned on by one half of the AC
cycle.
In order to get a full AC cycle out of

a class B amplifier, you need two
transistors:
•An npn transistor that provides the
negative half of the AC cycle
•A pnp transistor that provides the

positive half.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 2 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights
reserved.
Input Power
• The power supplied to the load by an amplifier
is drawn from the power supply
• The amount of this DC power is calculated using
Pi(dc)  VCC I dc
• The average value for the current is given by
2
I dc    I p
• The input power can be written as
2
Pi(dc)   VCC p
I
reserved.
Class B Amplifier: Efficiency
The maximum efficiency of a class B is 78.5%..
For output Po(ac)  VL ( p p)  VL ( p)

8RL 2RL
power,
For maximum power, VL=VCC
reserved.
Example 1
Example 1: For class B amplifier providing a 20-V peak
signal to a 16-Ω speaker and a power supply of VCC=30
V , determine the input power , output power and the
efficiency
Solution:
The input power is given by
2
Pi(dc)   VCC p
The peak collector loadI current can be found from
reserved.
CB: Example 1
Solution
:The input power is
2
Pi(dc)   30(1.25)  23.9 W
The output power is given by
The efficiency is
reserved.
CB: Example 2
Example 2: For class B amplifier using a supply of

VCC=30 V and driving a load of 16-Ω, determine the
input power , output power and the efficiency
Solution:
The maximum output power is given by
The maximum input power drawn from the supply is
reserved.
CB: Example 2
Solution:
The efficiency is given by
The maximum power dissipated by each transistor is
reserved.
Complementary symmetry circuits
• This circuit uses both

npn and pnp transistor
to construct class B
amplifier as shown to
the left
• One disadvantage of
this circuit is the need
for two separate
voltage supplies
reserved.
Complementary symmetry circuits
• Another disadvantage of this circuit is the resulting
cross over distortion
• Cross over distortion can be eliminated the by

biasing the transistors in class AB operation where
the transistors are biased to be on for slightly more
than half a cycle
reserved.
Transformer Coupled Pull-Push Class B
The center-tapped
transformer on the input
produces opposite
polarity signals to the
two transistor inputs.
The center-tapped
transformer on the
output combines the two
halves of the AC
waveform together.
reserved.
Transformer Coupled Pull-Push Operation
During the positive half-

cycle of the AC input,
transistor Q1 (npn) is
conducting and Q2 (pnp) is
off.
• During the negative half-
cycle of the AC input,
transistor Q2
(pnp) is conducting and
Q1
(npn) is off.
Each transistor produces one-half of an AC cycle. The

transformer combines the two outputs to form a full AC cycle
reserved.
Crossover Distortion
If the transistors Q1 and Q2

do not turn on and off at
exactly the same time,
then there is a gap in the
output voltage..
reserved.
Quasi-Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier
A Darlington pair and a

feedback pair combination
perform the push-pull
operation. This increases
the output power capability.
reserved.
CB: Example 3
Example: For the circuit shown, calculate the input
power, output power and the power handled by each
transistor and the efficiency if the input signal is 12
Vrms
Solution
:
The
peak
input
voltage
is
reserved.
CB: Example 3
Solution:
The peak load current is
The dc current can be found from the peak as
The input power is given by
The power dissipated by each transistor is given by
reserved.
Amplifier Distortion
If the output of an amplifier is not a complete AC sine wave, then it

is distorting the output. The amplifier is non-linear.
This distortion can be analyzed using Fourier analysis. In Fourier

analysis, any distorted periodic waveform can be broken down
into frequency components.
These components are harmonics of the fundamental frequency
reserved.
Harmonics
Harmonics are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency.

If the fundamental frequency is 5kHz:
Note that the 1st and 3rd harmonics are called odd harmonics and
the 2nd and 4th are called even harmonics.
reserved.
Harmonics Distortion
According to Fourier
analysis, if a signal is not
purely sinusoidal, then
it contains harmonics.
reserved.
Harmonics Distortion Calculations
Harmonic distortion (D) can be calculated:

where
A1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency
An is the amplitude of the highest harmonic
The total harmonic distortion (THD) is determined

by:
reserved.
reserved.
Power Transistor Derating Curve
Power transistors dissipate a

lot of power in heat. This can
be destructive to the amplifier
as well as to surrounding
components.
reserved.
Class C
Amplifiers
A class C amplifier conducts for less
than 180°.
In order to produce a full sine wave

output, the class C uses a tuned
circuit (LC tank) to provide the full AC
sine wave.
Class C amplifiers are used

extensively
in radio communications circuits..
reserved.
Class D
Amplifiers
A class D amplifier amplifies
pulses, and requires a pulsed
input.
There are many circuits that can

convert a sinusoidal waveform
to a pulse, as wellas circuits
that convert a pulse to a sine
wave.
This circuit has applications in

digital circuitry.
reserved.

Lect 7m Class B

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Chapter 12

In order to get a full AC cycle out of

•A pnp transistor that provides the

For output Po(ac)  VL ( p p)  VL ( p)

For maximum power, VL=VCC

Example 2: For class B amplifier using a supply of

The maximum input power drawn from the supply is

The maximum power dissipated by each transistor is

• This circuit uses both

• Cross over distortion can be eliminated the by

During the positive half-

Each transistor produces one-half of an AC cycle. The

If the transistors Q1 and Q2

A Darlington pair and a

The dc current can be found from the peak as

The input power is given by

The power dissipated by each transistor is given by

If the output of an amplifier is not a complete AC sine wave, then it

This distortion can be analyzed using Fourier analysis. In Fourier

These components are harmonics of the fundamental frequency

Harmonics are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency.

Harmonic distortion (D) can be calculated:

The total harmonic distortion (THD) is determined

Power transistors dissipate a

In order to produce a full sine wave

Class C amplifiers are used

There are many circuits that can

This circuit has applications in

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