Group 5

Helmayani Siregar
1814050004
Nurmawarni 1814050036
Wanda Amelia
1814050055
Presupposition and
Entailment
Presuppasition

In the branch of linguistics, a presupposition is an implicit

aassumption about the world or background belief relating to
an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse.
Example :
Jane no longer writes fiction

Presupposition : Jane once wrote fiction

1 . S e m a n t i c P re s u p p o s i t i o n

As expressed by saeed (1997: 93) the

presupposition has been an important topic in
semantic: the 1970s in particular saw lively
debates in the literature.

semantic presuppositions are carried out regardless of

the context or situation of the si the speaker while
pronouncing the sentence.
2. Pragmatic Presupposition

As expressed by Stalnaker (1974: 197) "Presupposition is

essentially a pragmatic phenomenon: part of the set of
assumption made by participants in a conversation, which he
termed the common ground.
3. Constancy Under Negation

expressed by Yule (1996: 26) "This property of

presupposition is generally described as constancy
under negation.
Types of presupposition

1. Existential presupposition
2. Factive Presuposition
3. Lexical Presuposition
4. Structural Presupposition
5. Non-Factive Presupposition
6. Conterfactual Presupposition
 Entailment

An entailment is something that logically

follows from what is asserted in the utterance.
Sentences, not speakers, have entailments.
Speakers have presuppositions while
sentences have entailments..
A: Everyone passed the examination.
B: No-one failed the examination.

A entails B
• whenever A is true, B is true
• the information that B contains is contained in the
information that A conveys
• a situation describable by A must also be a situation
describable by B
• A and NOT B are contradictory.
Characteristic of Entailments

• logical consequences following from what is

asserted in the utterance.
• Entailments depend on sentence meaning, not the
contex in which the sentence is used.
• Entailment also happens when one set of objects is
included in another. It may be seen as a kind of
hyponymic relation.
• Entailments can also involves the use of
determiners.
CHARACTERISTIC OF ENTAILMENTS

• logical consequences following from what

is asserted in the utterance.
• Entailments depend on sentence meaning,
not the contex in wich the sentence is used
• Entailment also happens when one set of
objects is included in another. It maybe
seen as a kind of hyponymic relation.
• Entailments can also involves the use of
determiners. This is simply the relation of
inclusion.

e.g. Every student loves learning English.

=> Most students love learning English