Articles: a/an/the

Using Articles
• What is an article? Basically, an article is an
adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.
• English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to
refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to
modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call
the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.
• the = definite article
• a/an = indefinite article
• For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean
a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean
any book rather than a specific book.

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• Here's another way to explain it: The is used
to refer to a specific or particular member of a
group. For example, "I just saw the most popular
movie of the year." There are many movies, but
only one particular movie is the most popular.
Therefore, we use the.
• "A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-
particular member of the group. For example, "I
would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not
talking about a specific movie. We're talking
about any movie. There are many movies, and I
want to see any movie. I don't have a specific
one in mind.
• Normally, we use a/an to refer to something for
the first time. For example, “We went to a
museum in Paris. We ate at the museum too”.
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 Indefinite Articles: a and an
• "A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is
indefinite, referring to any member of a
group. For example:
"My daughter really wants a bag for Eid." This
refers to any bag. We don't know which bag
because we haven't found the bag yet.
• "Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any
policeman. We don't need a specific policeman;
we need any policeman who is available.
• "When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!"
Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific
thing, in this case an elephant. There are
probably several elephants at the zoo, but
there's only one we're talking about here.
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 Remember, using a or an depends on
the sound that begins the next word.
•So...
a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy;
a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog; a country
• an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an
elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan; an
hour; an honor

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• If the noun is modified by an adjective, the
choice between a and an depends on the
initial sound of the adjective that immediately
follows the article:
• a broken egg
• an unusual problem
• a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e.
begins with consonant /j/ sound)
• Remember, too, that in English, the indefinite
articles are used to indicate membership in a
group:
• I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large group
known as teachers.)
• Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a member of the
people known as Irish.)

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Definite Article: the
• The definite article is used before singular and plural
nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The
signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a
particular member of a group. For example:
• "The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking
about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
• "I was happy to see the policeman who saved my
cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman.
Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still
a particular policeman because it is the one who
saved the cat.

• The (thuh) Bananas, The (thee) Apples

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• 7
Countable and Uncountable
Nouns
• The can be used with uncountable nouns, or
the article can be omitted entirely.
• "I love to sail over the water" (some specific body
of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water).
• "He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some
specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier
that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any
milk).
• "A/an" can be used only with count nouns.
• "I need a bottle of water."
• "I need a new glass of milk."
• Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a
water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of
water.
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 Geographical use of the
• Do not use the before: • Do use the before:
• names of most countries/territories: • names of rivers, oceans and
Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the seas: the Nile, the Pacific
Netherlands, the Dominican • points on the globe: the
Republic, the Philippines, the Equator, the North Pole
United States • geographical areas: the Middle
• names of cities, towns, or states: East, the West
Seoul,, Miami • deserts, forests, gulfs, and
• names of streets: Washington peninsulas: the Sahara, the
Blvd., Main St. Persian Gulf, the Black Forest,
• names of lakes and bays: Lake the Iberian Peninsula
Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a
group of lakes like the Great Lakes
• names of mountains: Mount
Everest, Mount Fuji except with
ranges of mountains like the Andes
or the Rockies or unusual names
like the Matterhorn
• names of continents (Asia, Europe)
• names of islands (Easter Island,
Maui, Key West) except with island
chains like the Aleutians, the
H15eS- beripd2- e0s, or the Canary
9
Islands
Don’t forget the:
• The centre, the top, the middle, the bottom,
the left, the right, the end of, the beginning
of…
• The same, the best, the worst…
• The sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the
sea, the ground, the country…
• The police, the fire brigade, the army…
• The piano, the guitar, the trumpet, the
flute…
• The radio (but television, without the)
• The doctor, the toilet, the bank, the theatre,
the post office, the dentist, the cinema…
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Do not use
•the:
Breakfast, lunch, dinner
• Go to work, get to work, be at work, start work, finish
work…
• Go to school, be at school, start school, leave
school…
• Go to university, be at university…
• Go to church, be in chuch (or mass)
• Go to bed, be in bed
• Go to hospital, be in hospital
• Go to prison, be in prison
• Go home, get home, arrive home, come home, walk
home, leave home, be at home, stay at home
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Omission of Articles
• Some common types of nouns that don't take
an article are:
• Names of languages and nationalities:
Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian
• Names of sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball
• Names of academic subjects: mathematics,
biology, history, computer science

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