NEMATODA 3

Parasitology Department
Medical Faculty of USU
 FILARIA
Filaria

Lymphatic Filaria Cutaneous Filaria Body Cavity Filaria

• Wuchereria bancrofti • Onchocerca volvulus Mansonella

• Brugia malayi • Loa-loa perstans
• Brugia timor

06/07/2021 Footer Text 2

 FILARIA
Prevalence
In Indonesia until 2015 (Infodatin, 2016):
Most cases in Nusa Tenggara Timur (2864 cases), Aceh (2372
cases), and Papua Barat (1244 cases)
Lowest cases in Bali (11 cases), NTB (14 cases), Kalimantan
Utara (18 cases)
Wuchereria bancrofti

Adult worm:
• Males: ± 40mm x100µm
• Females: ± 6cm-10cm x 300µm
 Wuchereria bancrofti Cephalic space

Microfilaria:
• Sheath (+)
Body
• Cephalic space: Length = nuclei
wide (1:1)
• Body Nuclei : Discrete
(Regular)
• Body curve: Smooth
• Tail: No nuclei at the tip of
the tail

Tip of the tail

Brugia malayi
Adult Worm
• Males:
• 13.5-20.5 mm long and 70-80 µm wide
• Tail is curved ventrally and spicules are
unequal and dissimilar
• Females:
• 80-100 mm long and 240-300 µm wide
• Fingerlike tail cover with minute cuticular
bosses
 Brugia
malayi

Microfilaria:
• Sheath (+) stained; pinkish-red
• Cephalic space : length : wide = 2:1
• Body nuclei: overlapping; irregular
• Body curve: wrinkled
• Presence of sub-terminal and terminal nucleus
 Brugia timori

Microfilaria
• Overlaping body
nuclei
• Sheath : bluish
• Cephalic space
elongated, ratio 1:3
• Presence of sub-
terminal and
terminal nucleus
Loa-loa
• Rain forrest in West Africa , Congo, and Sudan.
• Eye worm
• Habitat : subcutaneous connective tissues
• Vectors : Chrysops spp.
• Diurnal period
• Calabar swelling or fugitive swelling

https://cntd.lstmed.ac.uk/about-us/neglected-tropical-diseases/loiasis
Loa-loa
• Microfilaria

• Body nuclei as compact

column of nuclei that
extends to the tail
• Sheath does not pick up
stain
• Short cephalic space,
ration 1:1
• No terminal nucleus

https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/loiasis/Loa2_1000.jpg
Onchocerca volvulus
• Africa, Arabia, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia.
• Habitat : cutaneous, subcutaneous
• Vectors : Simulium spp.
• River blindness in savana

http://vetbook.org/wiki/cow/images/thumb/3/31/Simulium01.jpg/300px-Simulium01.jpg
Onchocerca volvulus
• Large
• Un-sheath
• Body nuclei separated,
moderately compact
• Cephalic space long,
ratio 1:2
• Tapered and flexed
• No terminal nucleus
 FILARIA

Prevention :
• Treats the filariasis cases
• Avoid the insect bite

http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcblackflies_buffalognats.htm
Dracunculus medinensis
• Guinea worm
• Middle east, India, Pakistan, Africa, and Brazil
• Not true filaria.
• Largest nematodes. Females up to 800 mm, but males <40 mm.
• Ovoviviparous
• Intermediate host : cyclops
• Habitat : Subcutaneous connective tissue in axilla and inguinal
Dracunculus medinensis

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/cyclopoid
Dracunculus medinensis

Prevention :
• Health education, including hygiene and sanitation
improvement
• Boil the drinking water
Gnathostoma spinigerum
• Southeast Asia.
• HD : carnivorous animals
• 1st Intermediate host : cyclops
• 2nd intermediate host : fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and
mammals.
• Paratenic host
• Habitat : gastric wall of HD
• Human  larva migrans, nodule in subcutaneous tissue
• Swollen head bulb,
covered 4 circles of stout
spines
• Adult
• Female : 20-54 mm
• Male : 11-30 mm
• Eggs : polar cap at one
end

http://www.mt.mahidol.ac.th/e-learning/Parasite_undercontruction/Para%20pic/Gnathostomaspinigerum%20egg.jpg
Life cycle

http://cmr.asm.org/content/22/3/484/F2.large.jpg
Gnathostoma spinigerum

Prevention :
• Health education, including hygiene and sanitation
improvement
• Avoid consuming raw or unproperly freshwater fish
Thank You