C++ Programming: Problem Solving Using C++

C++ Programming
CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM SOLVING USING C++
C++ Programming/Hanin
Objectives
2
Introduction to C++ : Identifier, keyword,

mnemonic
Programming Style
Data Types
Arithmetic Operations
Variables and Declaration Statements
Introduction to C++
3
Module: a small segment which is designed to

perform a specific task
 A group of modules is used to construct a modular program
Figure 2.1 A well-designed program is built using modules.
Introduction to C++ (continued)
4
Figure 2.2 A multiplying function.
C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

Introduction to C++ (continued)
5
Class: contains both data and functions used to

manipulate the data
Function: encapsulates a set of operations, while a
class encapsulates data plus one or more sets of
operations
Identifier: a name given to an element of the
language, such as a class or function

Introduction to C++:
Identifier
6
Rules for forming identifier names:

 First character must be a letter or underscore
 Only letters, digits, or underscores may follow the initial
letter (no blanks allowed)
 Keywords cannot be used as identifiers
 Max length of an identifier = 1024 characters
Use underscores to separate multiple words in a

name, or capitalize the first letter of each word.
Keyword
7
 Keyword: a reserved name that represents a built-in

object or function of the language
Identifier (continued)
8
Identify valid C++ identifiers below:

 degToRad valid
 1AB3 invalid begins with a number
 addNums valid
 while invalid this is a keyword
 slope
valid
 findMax
valid
 E*6
invalid contains a special
character
Mnemonic
9
Function names
 Require a set of parentheses at the end
 Can use mixed upper and lower case
 Should be meaningful, or be a mnemonic
Mnemonic: a word designed as a memory aid

Examples of function names:
areaCircle() calAverage() main()
Note that C++ is a case-sensitive language!
The main() Function
10
Overall structure of a C++ program contains one

function named main(), called the driver
function
All other functions are invoked from main()
The main() Function (continued)
11
Figure 2.3 The main() function directs all other functions.

Introduction to C++ : The main() Function (continued)
12
Function header line: the first line of a function,

which contains
 The type of data returned by the function (if any)
 The name of the function
 The type of data that must be passed into the function when it
is invoked (if any)
Arguments: the data passed into a function
Function body: the statements inside a function
(enclosed in braces)

13
Each statement inside the function must be

terminated with a semicolon
return: a keyword causing the appropriate value to

be returned from the function
return 0 in the main() function causes the

program to end

14
The structure of a main() function.
The cout Object
15
cout object: an output object that sends data to a

standard output display device
Introduction to C++: The cout Object (continued)
16
Preprocessor command: starts with a #; causes an

action before the source code is compiled into machine
code
#include <file name> : causes the named file to be

inserted into the source code
C++ provides a standard library with many pre-written

classes that can be included
Header files: files included at the head (top) of a C++

program

Introduction to C++ : The cout Object (continued)
17
• using namespace <namespace name> :

indicates where header file is located
• Namespaces qualify a name; a function name in
your class can be the same as one used in a
standard library class
• String: any combination of letters, numbers,
and special characters enclosed in double
quotes (a delimiter)
• Delimiter (“ “): a symbol that marks the
beginning and ending of a string; not part of the
string
Introduction to C++ : The cout Object (continued)
18
Escape sequence: one or more characters

preceded by a backslash, \

Objectives
19

mnemonic
Data Types
Programming Style
20
 Although more than one C++ statement can be on

a single line, good style calls for one statement per
line
 Opening and closing braces {} for the function
body should each be on separate lines
 Statements in the function body should be
indented
Programming Style: Comments
21
Comments: explanatory remarks in the source

code added by the programmer
Line comment: begins with // and continues to

the end of the line
 Line comment can be on a line by itself, or at the end
of a line of code
 Line comment cannot be longer than one line
Programming Style: Comments
(continued)
22
Programming Style: Comments (continued)
23
Block Comment: a comment that spans across

two or more lines
 Block comment begins with /* and ends with */

Example:
/* This is a block comment that
spans
across three lines */

Objectives
24

mnemonic
Data Types
Data Types
25
 Data type: a set of values and the operations that

can be applied to these values
 Two fundamental C++ data groupings:
 Class data type (a class): created by the
programmer
 Built-in data type (primitive type): part of the
C++ compiler
Data Types (continued)
26
Built-in data types
Numerical
Numerical Data
Data
Types
Types
Integer Types Floating-

PointTypes
Data Types: Integer
27
Data Types: Integer (continued)
28
int data type: whole numbers, optionally with + or

– sign
Example: 2
char data type: individual character; any letter,
digit, or special character enclosed in single quotes
Example: ‘A’
Character values are usually stored in ASCII code
29
30
Escape character: the backslash, \; indicates an

escape sequence
Escape sequence: tells compiler to treat the
following characters as special instruction codes
31
Refer Table
2.4: Escape
Character.
p54
32
bool data type: represents Boolean (logical) data;

restricted to two values: true or false
sizeof operator: shows the number of bytes used to
store values of any data type
Values returned by sizeof are compiler dependent
33
34
Signed data type: one that permits negative,

positive, and zero values
Unsigned data type: permits only positive and
zero values
35
Data Types: Floating-Point Types
36
Floating-point number (real number): zero or

any positive or negative number containing a
decimal point
Examples: +10.625 5. -6.2
 No special characters are allowed
Three floating-point data types in C++:
 float (single precision)
 double (double precision)
 long double
Data Types: Floating-Point Types
(continued)
37
Objectives
38

mnemonic
Data Types
Arithmetic Operations
39
 Arithmetic operators are binary operators

 Binary operators: require two operands
 Different data types can be used in the same arithmetic
expression
Operation Operator
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Modulus %
(remainder)
Arithmetic Operations:
Expression Types
40
 Expression: any combination of operators and operands

that can be evaluated to yield a value
15 + 5 = 20
operands operator
 Mixed-mode expression: contains integer and floating-

point operands; yields a double-precision value
Arithmetic Operations :
Summary of Operators
41
Arithmetic Operations (continued)
42
Integer Data Type Floating Point Data

Type
7 + 3 = 10 7.0 + 3.0 = 10.0
7–3=4 7 .0– 3.0 = 4.0
7 * 3 = 21 7.0 * 3.0 = 21.0
7/3=2 7.0 / 3.0 = 2.33
7% 3=1 •If both operands are integer data type,

output will be INTEGER
•If ONE operand is floating point data
Type, output will be FLOATING POINT
Operator Precedence & Associativity
43
Rules for writing arithmetic expressions:

 Never place two consecutive binary arithmetic operators side
by side ex: 5*%6
 Use parentheses to form groupings; contents within
parentheses are evaluated first
 You may nest parentheses within other parentheses; evaluated
from innermost to outermost
 Use the * operator for multiplication, not parentheses
Operator Precedence & Associativity (continued)
44
Expressions with multiple operators are evaluated by

precedence of operators
 Associativity: the order in which operators of the same

precedence are evaluated
Operator Precedence & Associativity (continued)
45
Example:
8+5*7%2*4
= 8 + 35 % 2 * 4
=8+1*4
=8+4
=12
Objectives
46

mnemonic
Data Types
Variables and Declaration Statements
47
 Variable: symbolic identifier for a memory address where

data can be held
 Use identifier naming rules for variable names
Variables and Declaration Statements (continued)
48
Assignment statement: used to store a value into

a variable
Value of the expression on the right side of the = is
assigned to the memory location of the variable on
the left side of the =
Examples:
num1 = 45;
45
num2 = 12;
num1
total = num1 + num2;
Variables and Declaration Statements (continued)
49
Declaration statement: specifies the data type

and identifier of a variable; sets up the memory
location
Syntax: <dataType> <variableName>;
A variable must be declared before it is used!
Data type is any valid C++ data type
Example:
int sum;
int num1, num2, num3;
float pi = 3.142;
Initialized in
declaration
Problem Solving
50
Write a C++ program to calculate the average of two

double-precision numbers.
 Apply Software Development Procedure:
 Step 1: Analyze the problem
 Output - average
 Inputs - 2 numbers ( num1, num2)

 Step 2: Develop a solution
 Assign values to num1 and num2
 Calculate and display average
 Step 3: Code the solution

 Step 4: Test and correct the program
Problem Solving (continued)
51
start
Flowchart: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Input 2 Variable
numbers int main() declaration
{
double num1, num2, average;
Assignment
Calculate num1 = 45.5; statement
average num2 = 10.2;
average = (num1+num2)/2;
cout<<“Average is: “<<average;

Display
average output
return 0;
}
end
Common Programming Errors
52
Missing parentheses after main

Missing or incorrect braces around function body
Misspelling a reserved word
Missing ending double quotes on string literal
Missing semicolon at end of statement
Adding a semicolon at end of #include statement
Missing \n to indicate new line
Substituting letter O for zero and vice versa
Common Programming Errors (continued)
53
Failing to declare all variables

Storing incorrect data type into a variable
Attempting to use a variable with no value
Dividing integer values incorrectly
Mixing data types in the same expression

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C++ Programming

Introduction to C++ : Identifier, keyword,

Module: a small segment which is designed to

Figure 2.1 A well-designed program is built using modules.

Figure 2.2 A multiplying function.

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

Class: contains both data and functions used to

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

Rules for forming identifier names:

Use underscores to separate multiple words in a

 Keyword: a reserved name that represents a built-in

Identify valid C++ identifiers below:

Mnemonic: a word designed as a memory aid

Overall structure of a C++ program contains one

All other functions are invoked from main()

Figure 2.3 The main() function directs all other functions.

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

Function header line: the first line of a function,

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

Each statement inside the function must be

return: a keyword causing the appropriate value to

return 0 in the main() function causes the

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

The structure of a main() function.

cout object: an output object that sends data to a

Preprocessor command: starts with a #; causes an

#include <file name> : causes the named file to be

C++ provides a standard library with many pre-written

Header files: files included at the head (top) of a C++

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

• using namespace <namespace name> :

Escape sequence: one or more characters

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

Introduction to C++ : Identifier, keyword,

 Although more than one C++ statement can be on

Comments: explanatory remarks in the source

Line comment: begins with // and continues to

Block Comment: a comment that spans across

 Block comment begins with /* and ends with */

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition

Introduction to C++ : Identifier, keyword,

 Data type: a set of values and the operations that

Built-in data types

Integer Types Floating-

int data type: whole numbers, optionally with + or

Escape character: the backslash, \; indicates an

bool data type: represents Boolean (logical) data;

Signed data type: one that permits negative,

Floating-point number (real number): zero or

Introduction to C++ : Identifier, keyword,

 Arithmetic operators are binary operators

 Expression: any combination of operators and operands

 Mixed-mode expression: contains integer and floating-

Integer Data Type Floating Point Data

7–3=4 7 .0– 3.0 = 4.0

7 * 3 = 21 7.0 * 3.0 = 21.0

7/3=2 7.0 / 3.0 = 2.33

7% 3=1 •If both operands are integer data type,

Rules for writing arithmetic expressions:

Expressions with multiple operators are evaluated by

 Associativity: the order in which operators of the same

Introduction to C++ : Identifier, keyword,

 Variable: symbolic identifier for a memory address where