ADDITIONAL THEORY :

The structures of atoms in crystalline solids are studied by crystallography. Both

materials have a special atom arrangement known as the crystal structure of the
material. Several unit cells exist, including the simple cubic (SC), body-centered
cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed cells (HCP)

The number of each atom in a specific unit cell can also be measured, so we
need to take into account the following fractional values of atoms determined by
their positions in the cell.
Now for the calculation of the model's atomic packing factor (APP), linear density (LD)
and planar density after determining the number of atoms for each model (PD). A
structure's APF tells us that the structure's packing efficiency is how much of its
volume is actually filled by the atoms. Due to the spherical form of the atoms, part of
the volume in a crystal structure is left empty

To maximizes the efficiency of packing, the atoms must be arranged as close to each
other as possible to eliminate empty space. The higher the APF values are in a
particular crystal structure, the more effective and tightly packed the atoms are. In
turn, the closer the atoms are packed, the greater the density of the unit cells would
also be.
 ADDITIONAL THEORY :

• Hardenability is a measure of the capacity of a steel into be hardened

in depth when quenched from its austenitizing temperature
• For the maintenance of the microstructure at the core, steel with
lower hardness is needed
• Heat treatment from quench will change the hardenability of steels
• High hardenability steels used for component which need to work
under high stress situation
• The major factors affecting hardenability and the rate of austenite
transformation are carbon content, grain size, and alloying elements
 RESULTS :
No Distance from quenched end (mm) Hardness (HRC)
1. 0 55.4
2. 3 54.7
3. 6 53.4
4. 9 52.6
5. 12 51.3
6. 15 47.7
7. 18 46.2
8. 21 44.0
9. 24 43.1
10. 27 14.8