Beam

• Structural members that support transverse loads

and are therefore subjected primarily to flexure, shear
and torsion.
• Structural member is considered to be a beam if it is
loaded so as to cause bending as well as shear and
torsion
 Beam
• AISC Specification distinguishes beams from plate
girders on the basis of the width-thickness ratio of
the web.
 Behavior of Beams

FyI Fybd 2
My  
c 6
Behavior of Beams
Behavior of Beams

¿  k ε y

¿  k ε y
Behavior of Beams
Behavior of Beams

  =
Behavior of Beams

  =
Behavior of Beams
 Behavior of Beams

Beam
section
t

– The additional moment required to bring the beam from stage

b to stage d is, on the average, approximately 12% of the
yield moment for W-shapes.
– When stage d has been reached, any further increase in the
load will cause collapse, since all elements have reached the
yield value of the stress-strain carve and unrestricted plastic
flow will occur
• A plastic hinge is said to have formed at the center of the beam.
• At this moment the beam consider in an unstable mechanism.
• The mechanism motion will be as shown

 Structural analysis based on a consideration of collapse

mechanism is called plastic analysis.
• The plastic moment capacity, which is the moment required to form
the plastic hinge, can easily be computed from a consideration of
the corresponding stress distribution, From equilibrium of forces:
•The plastic moment, Mp is the resisting couple formed by the two
equal and opposite forces, or
Example 5.1: For the built-up shape, determine (a) the elastic
section modulus S and the yield moment My and (b) the plastic
section modulus Z and the plastic moment Mp-Bending is about the
x-axis, and the steel is A572 Grade 50.

Solution
Because of symmetry, the elastic
neutral axis is located at mid-depth of
the cross section. The moment of inertia
of the cross section can be found by
using the parallel axis theorem, and the
results of the calculations are
summarized in the next table.
Example 5.1(cont.):
Because this shape is symmetrical about the x-axis, this axis
divides the cross section into equal areas and is therefore the
plastic neutral axis. The centroid of the top half-area can be found
by the principle of moments. Taking moments about the x-axis (the
neutral axis of the entire cross section) and tabulating the
computations in the next Table, we get
answer
Example 5.2 :

Solution
The first category, laterally supported compact beams is the simplest case
The nominal strength as
 Behavior of Beams
 Mp, the plastic moment capacity for the steel shape, is calculated by
assuming a plastic stress distribution (+ sy or –sy) over the cross-
section.
 The development of a plastic stress distribution over the cross-
section can be hindered by two different length effects:
1. Local buckling of the individual plates (flanges, webs) of the cross-
section before they develop the compressive yield stress sy .
2. Lateral torsional buckling of the unsupported length of the beam/
member before the cross-section develops the plastic moment Mp .

Local buckling Lateral torsional buckling

Local Buckling
1. Slender-element sections
Slender-element sections are sections that fail by local buckling of component
elements before My is reached.
2. Non-compact sections
Non-compact sections are sections that either cannot develop the cross-section full
plastic strength or cannot sustain a large hinge rotation at Mp, due to local buckling of
the flanges. Non-compact sections can reach the first yield moment My at the extreme
fibers.
3. Compact sections
Compact sections are sections that can develop the full cross-section plastic moment
Mp under flexure and sustain that moment through a large hinge rotation without
buckling.
For flange local buckling
If λp ≤ λ ≤ λr , the flange is noncompact, buckling will
be inelastic, and
   p 
M n  M p  (M p  M r ) 
  r   p 

where
bf E E
  ,  p  0.38 , r  0.83
2t f Fy Fy  10
M r  ( Fy  10) S x
For web local buckling

If λp ≤ λ ≤ λr , the web is noncompact, buckling will be

inelastic, and    p 
M n  M p  (M p  M r ) 
  r   p 
where h E E
  ,  p  3.76 , r  5.70
tw Fy Fy
M r  Fy S x
Note that Mr definition is different for the flange local buckling
– Example 5.3: