Design of Tall Buildings: Trends and Achievements for

Structural Performance
November 7-11, 2016
Bangkok-Thailand

Importance of Ductility in
Structural Performance Analysis
Naveed Anwar, PhD

Dr. Naveed Anwar

 Performance Basis – As Basis

sta
Re nt
ura

Resta
urant
Loading Severity

Consequences

Resta
Hazard

urant

Vulnerability Structural Displacement

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 Ductility
is the Key to good
(seismic) performance of Structures

Performance Based Design Relies on Ductility

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 Typical Force-Displacement Curve

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 New Book

Structural Cross-sections
Analysis and Design

Naveed Anwar, Fawad Najam

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 Ductility Ratio

For most practical

cases, it is defined in
terms of the ratio of
maximum deformation
to the deformation
level corresponding to
a yield point

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Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Ductility Usage
• Strain-based definition of ductility is used at material level, while
rotation- or curvature- based definition also includes the effect of
shape, size and stiffness of cross-section

• All seismic design codes around the world recognize the

importance of ductility as it plays a vital role in structural
performance against earthquakes.

• Well-detailed steel and reinforced concrete (RC) structures, fulfilling

the ductility requirements of codes are expected to undergo large
plastic deformations with little decrease in strength.

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Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Limitations of Strength Based Design
• Cross-sections are capable of resisting a certain value of actions
based on assumed failure criterion

• Actions are obtained often from linear elastic analysis, and are
factored to provide certain factor of safety

• Strength design itself provides no information or control on the level

of deformation produced at that factored load level

• No information about behavior of the member if loads or actions

were to exceed the factored design load

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 Action Deformation Curves
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Action-Deformation Curves
• Relationship between action and corresponding deformation

• These relationships can be obtained at several levels

1. The Structural Level: Load - Deflection
2. The Member Level: Moment - Rotation
3. The Cross-section Level: Moment - Curvature
4. The Material Level : Stress-Strain

• The Action-Deformation curves show the entire response of the

structure, member, cross-section or material

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General Force-Displacement Relationship

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General Force-Displacement Relationship
Point ‘A’ corresponds to the serviceability design considerations and working
strength or allowable strength design concepts.

Point ‘B’ is the point up to which the relationship between load and deformation
can be considered nearly linear and the deformations are relatively small.

Point ‘C’ roughly corresponds to the ultimate strength considerations or the design
capacity consideration.

Point ‘D’ is the point at which the load value starts to drop with increasing
deformations

Point ‘E’ is the point at which the load value is reduced to just a fraction of ultimate
load (residual strength)

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Dr. Naveed Anwar
 How to Get Action-Deformation Curves
1. By actual measurements
• Apply load, measure deflection
• Apply load, measure stress and strain

2. By computations
• Use material models, cross-section dimensions to get Moment-Curvature
Curves

3. By combination of measurement and computations

• Calibrate computation models with actual measurements
• Some parameters obtained by measurement and some by computations

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 Ductility Levels

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 Moment Curvature Relationship
is the Key for computing
Cross-section and Member Ductility

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 Load-Deflection & Moment Curvature Curve

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 Moment Curvature Relationships
Moment M Moment M

Mu
First yield of steel
reinforcement

First Crack
Curvature Curvature

Tri-linear M- φ Relationship Idealized bilinear M- φ Relationship

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 Moment Curvature (M-φ) Curve
• The load-deformation curves can be plotted between axial load and axial
shortening, shear force and shear deformation, moment and curvature, and
torsion and twist.

• Moment-curvature relationship is probably the most important and useful action-

deformation curve especially for flexural members such as beams, columns and
shear walls.

• Many of the design codes and design procedures or design handbooks do not
provide sufficient information for computation and use of M- relationships

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Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Determination of M-φ Curve
• The generation of moment curvature curve can be terminated
based on any number of specific conditions such as,

 The maximum specified strain is reached.

 The first rebar reaches yield stress a any other strain level

 The concrete reaches a certain strain level.

 Also, during the generation of the moment curvature curve the failure
or key response points can be recorded and displayed on the curve.

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 Significance of Moment Curvature Curve

• Information provided by M-φ curve is very useful for non-linear

analysis of structures including the evaluation of post-elastic
behavior.

• M-φ Curve is basis for the capacity-based, and performance-

based design methods especially analysis of structures using
nonlinear static procedures as well as in determining the rotational
capacity of plastic hinges formed during high seismic activity.

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 M-φ Curve and Stiffness

Cross-section stiffness can be obtained from the slope of

the M-φ curve. Stiffness measure this way is termed as
“Effective Stiffness”

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 Unified Cross-section
Models

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 The Generalized Section

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 Generalized Equation and Response

fs NA
CL
fc
y
c

1 1 n 
N z  1      x, y  dx dy ...   Ai i ( x, y ) ...
h
f1
or
f2 sf
se l

  1 x y  2 i 1
fn es
Str Stee
 es
se
Str crete
n F
or
s f nd
a
Horizontal

co R/
ain
1 1 n  Str

M x   2      x, y  dx dy . y ...   Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...

  1 x y  2 i 1  Nz
1 1 n 
M y  3     x, y  dx dy . x ...   Ai i ( x, y ) xi ...
  1 x y  2 i 1 

Advanced Concrete l August-2014 My Mx 25

Dr. Naveed Anwar 25
 Important Outputs of M-φ Curve

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 Important Outputs of M-φ Curve
1. Cracking Point

This point corresponds to the onset of material cracking of a cross-section. It

provides the moment and corresponding curvature for design considerations
related to start of cracking

2. Yield Point

This point corresponds to the onset of material yielding of a cross-section. It provides

the moment capacity and corresponding curvature for strength design of section.

3. Failure Point

This point corresponds to the maximum curvature and defines the maximum
deformation capacity of section.

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 Important Outputs of M-φ Curve

4. Ductility

The ratio of ultimate curvature and yield curvature defines the section ductility.

𝜇 = 𝜙𝑢 /𝜙𝑦

5. Stiffness of the Section at given M and 𝝓

Slope of M-𝜙 curve at any given point corresponds to the effective stiffness of the
section.
𝑀 𝑀
𝜙= and 𝐸𝐼 =
𝐸𝐼 𝜙

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 Important Outputs of M-φ Curve

6. Slope of the section at given Moment

M-𝜙 curve can also be used to determine rotation at any point in a member.
𝑏
𝑀
𝜃= 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝐸𝐼
7. Deflection of the section at given Moment
𝑏
𝑀
Δ= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝐸𝐼

8. Strain at given Moment 9. Crack Width at given Spacing

ε = 𝜙𝑐 𝑊 = 𝜀𝑠 . 𝑋
𝑊 = 𝜙𝑦 . 𝑋
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 Important Outputs of M-φ Curve

10. Crack Spacing at given crack width

𝑋 = 𝑊/𝜀𝑠

𝑋 = 𝑊/𝜙𝑦

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 Important Outputs of M-φ Curve

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 Procedure to Measure Deflection Using M-φ Curve

Calculate the
Cross-Section area M/EI
Plot Moment Read Curvature Plot M/EI
Design for Generate M-φ diagram up to
and Axial Load along Various diagram along
Moment & Axial Curves that point
Diagram locations the length
Load starting one end
of the member

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 Overview of Cross-Sectional Response for
Performance and Strength

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 Ductility of Unconfined Beam &
Column Sections
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Ductility of Unconfined Beam Sections

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Ductility of Unconfined Beam Sections

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 Ductility of Unconfined Column Sections

• The curvature of the section is influenced by the axial load, hence there
is no unique M-φ relationship for a given column section.

• However, it is possible to plot the combination of axial load P and

Moment M which cause the section to reach the ultimate capacity.

• It is evident that the ductility of the column section is significantly

reduced by the presence of axial load.

• The axial load levels greater than the balanced failure load, the ductility
decreases, being due only to the inelastic deformation of the concrete.

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 Ductility of Unconfined Column Sections
The curvature of the section is influenced by the axial load

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 Ductility of Confinement of RC
Sections
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Confinement
is the Key for Ductility in Reinforced
Concrete Members

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 Confinement of RC Sections
Concrete sample wrapped with a suitably strong material
(e.g. carbon fiber), becomes impossible to crush

Poisson’s effect for compressive force

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 Confinement of RC Sections
• Ductility can be improved if confining is done in such a way that the
concrete sample is allowed to expand very slowly.

• In RC members, concrete is confined using rectangular or circular steel

reinforcement hoops.

• One RC cross section have 2 types of concrete, i.e. the confined

concrete in the inner core and the cover concrete outside the core.

• Double confinement using multiple hoops is also quite common is bridges.

For RC columns, more attention is given to vertical reinforcement than
lateral reinforcement. However, most of the axial strength is contributed
by the lateral reinforcement
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Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Various types and Configurations of
Confinement

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Confinement Provided by Spiral Reinforcement
Spiral reinforcement is also one of the most efficient ways of
providing confinement to reinforced concrete members

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Confinement Provided by Spiral Reinforcement
Comparison of axial force-deformation behaviors of reinforced concrete columns
with various confinement configurations

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 Stress-Strain Models for RC

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 Stress-Strain Models for Confined
Concrete

Mander’s Model (1988) Kent and Park model (1971)

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 Stress-Strain Models for Confined Concrete

Mander’s Kent and Scott et al. Yong et al. Bjerkeli et al. Li et al.
stress-strain Park stress- stress-strain stress-strain stress-strain stress-strain
Model strain model model model model model
(1988) (1971) (1982) (1989) (1990) (2000)

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 Steel Reinforcement Behavior

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 Factors Affecting Moment-Curvature
Relationship and Ductility of RC Sections
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Effect of Compression Reinforcement

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 Effect of No. of Longitudinal Reinforcement

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 Effect of Yield Strength

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 Effect of Dia. of Longitudinal Reinforcement

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 Effect of Compression Reinforcement on Ultimate Moment
and Ultimate Curvature of beams sections

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 Effect of Confinement Model for Concrete

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 Effect of Confinement Model for Concrete

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 Effect of Cross-Sectional Shape

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 Effect of Cross-Sectional Shape

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 Effect of Axial Load

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 Concrete Filled Tubes

Dr. Naveed Anwar

 Lateral Stresses in Concrete Filled Tubes
Circular steel tubing will have the greatest confining effect as
compared to other shapes

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 Advantages of Concrete Filled Tubes

Avoid Avoids
High
inward Ease of Premature
strength and
buckling of Construction Spalling of
ductility
steel Concrete

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 Various forms of Concrete Filled Tubes

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 Efficient Bonding between Steel Tube and
Concrete Cores
Use of
Mechanical
Connectors

Interlock at
Creep in Concrete
Concrete and Steel
Efficient Interface
Bonding

Adhesion
Friction
due to
between
Chemical
Materials
Actions
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 Comparative Study of RC Section and Concrete
Filled Section

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 ACI 318- Guidelines – Intend to Provide Ductility

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 It is important to recognize, explicitly
evaluate and provide Ductility in key
locations and members for improved
performance for extreme loads

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