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Structural Engineering Solutions to Architectural Challenges

Presentation · November 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11876.37760

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 Design of Tall Buildings: Trends and Achievements for
Structural Performance
November 7-11, 2016
Bangkok-Thailand

Structural Engineering Solutions to

Architectural Challenges
Naveed Anwar, PhD

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Key Challenges
• Taller
• Slender
• Twisting
• Unusual forms
• Multi Use
• Changing Plans
• Larger column free spaces
• Smaller Cores
• Minimizing Floor Height
• Unusual requsts
2
Dr. Naveed Anwar
How does CTBUH look at Tall

Relatively Tall.
Both for public and the professions who design
and construct

Proportion
Slenderness, in plan and in elevations

Systems and Technologies

Uses something “different” than ordinary
buildings

3
Dr. Naveed Anwar 3
 Mega
Tall
(3)

Super
Tall
Very (110)
Tall Tall
Low (3740) (1142)
Low
Tall
Rise

<50 m >100 m >150m >200 m >300 m >600 m

Source: CTBU Report, 2015
Dr. Naveed Anwar
4
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Tallness

Weight on vertical
• Light weight materials
elements

Weight on
• Light weight and high strength
foundations

Axial shortening of
• Concrete-steel composites
columns

Exponential increase • Aerodynamic forms

in wind load • Smart devices

6
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Multi Use
• Changing Grid Lines
• Offset Columns
• Column Transfer
• Different Loads
• Different Performance critera

7
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Slenderness
(H/D > 8)

Drift • Special Elements

Longer periods • Damping devices

Flexibility • Increasing Stiffness

Overturning • Anchoring

High
• Damping devices
acceleration
8
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Varying Plans
Vertical Transfer
Load slabs and
Transfer girders

Vertical Transfer
Irregularity elemenst

Lateral
Diaphragm
force collectors
transfer
Inclined
vertical Diagrids
members 9
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Smaller Floor to Floor Height

• Need to Reduce Floor to Floor Height

• Incorporate maximum floors in given height
limit
• Reduce building height, reduce façade cost
• Need greater head room
• Structural Solution
• Use ribs
• Use steel beams
• Use PT Flat slab
• Architects prefer !
• No structure

10
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Form Vs Wind
• Building form can
increase or decrease
the wind loading
effects by as much as
four times from a
simple rectangular
form

11
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 The Twisting Turning Towers Trend

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Dr. Naveed Anwar
Twisting Turning Towers

Aerodynamic
• Wind tunnel refinements
issues

• “Shell Form” concept

Lack of vertical
• Diagrids
outer members • Cantilever floors

Unsymmetrical
• Advanced analysis
response
13
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Core is the “core” of the Building
• The service core is the backbone of the building
• They are most critical for structural performance
• Carry vertical load
• Carry lateral load
• Control drift
• Provide ductility
• Everyone wants a piece of it
• Shared space
• Passenger and service Elevators
• M & E ducts, piping, cables
• Security cables
• Fire escapes, pipes, ..

14
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Buildings Designed around the Core
15
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Single Core/Spine and Outriggers still dominate the Future

16
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Core is Getting Smaller – (Faster, fewer elevators)
Empire State Building
• Tubular systems 1930’s
Lack of
• Outriggers
stiffness
• Belts

Lack of
• BRB
flexural
• Viscous Dampers
ductility

Lack of shear • Diagonal braces

resistance • Diagrids

17
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Distributed cores appears to be structurally
more efficient, but may not be architecturally
preferable

18
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Mega-Columns
An Alternative to aid Central Core 19
Dr. Naveed Anwar
The Spandrel Depth
• Structures needs it to be large for
• For wall coupling
• For ductility
• For stiffened
• For damping
• Shear transfer
• Architects need it to be small
• Lower floor to floor height
• Access and clearance

20
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Some Examples

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Plan Configurations

22
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 23
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 24
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 ClickPREVENTING
to edit MasterTHE
titleDOMINO
style EFFECT:
Progressive collapse analysis

Dr. Naveed Anwar

 Progressive Collapse

• A new and major concern for structural safety

• Structure should not collapse completely if one or two

elements are “destroyed”

• Backup systems, alternate load paths, additional

redundancy

26
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Progress Collapse Potential

27
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 ClickROME
to editWAS NOT
Master BUILT
title styleIN A DAY:
The construction Sequence analysis

Dr. Naveed Anwar

 Analysing for Construction Sequence

• Structure is normally analysed as if it is already fully built

 Make the model, and apply loads

• Step-wise construction sequence analysis is essential for

better and Correct understating and design
 Make the model, as it is built
 Apply loads as they are applied
 Consider temporary shoring etc
 Consider in-construction corrections
 Consider the aging effects

29
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 ClickTOGETHER ORtitle
to edit Master SEPARATE:
style
Free, flexible, or rigid connections

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Connections
• Connecting two buildings or parts of structure in the
right way can lead to innovative solutions

• Rigidly connected
• Fully free to move
• Flexible connections
• Elasto-Plastic Connections
• Fuses

31
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 32
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Buildings Connected by a Pool

33
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Buildings Connected by a Pool

34
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Connected, Inclined Towers

35
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 ClickSome
to edit Other
Master Interesting
title style Ideas

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Using the Building Envelop as Structural System: The Diagrid System

Dr. Naveed Anwar

37
 No Columns

38
Dr. Naveed Anwar
Precast High-rise
• Cast-In place Core
• All pre caset wall panels
• Pre cast floors
• No Columns
• Designed for all elastic elements and
nonlinear connections

39
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 Forms and Structures

40
Dr. Naveed Anwar
“Don’t Block the Curtain”
Windows

Curtains

Floor 1 to 9
Floor 16 to 30

Offset Column

Floor 9 to 16

41
Dr. Naveed Anwar
 We like challenges!

42
Dr. Naveed Anwar
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