Linear Algebra

- Dr. G. Poonguzali

4.1
Vector Space:
A vector space over a field F (in this entire course it is ℝ) is
a non empty set V together with two operations vector addition
‘+’ (just for name it is no need to usual addition) and scalar
multiplication that satisfy the ten axioms listed below.
I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property: u & v  V, then; u  v  V
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈V;
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such that
u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.
4.2
II. Scalar multiplication;

6. Closure property: u  V &   F, then

;  u  V

7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector

addition :  (u  v)   u   v  u, v  V &   F

8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar

multiplication: (   )u   u   u  u  V &  ,   F

9. Associative property:
( )u   (  u)   u  u V &,  F

10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V.

4.3
Vector Addition:
(9,10)

(3,7)

(6,3)

4.4
Scalar Multiplication:

(6,8)

(3,4)

(1.5,2)

4.5
Examples:
The Zero Vector Space: The set V = {0} will form a vector
space over ℝ with usual addition and multiplication.
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property: The only possible element is 0, 0 + 0 ∈ V
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈V;
0+(0+0)=(0+0)+0
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such that
u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V; 0 + 0= 0 + 0 = 0
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ ℝ, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u; There is no u ≠ 0.
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.
0 + 0= 0 + 0
4.6
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   F, then ;  u  V
For any   R, then  0  0  V
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector
addition :  (u  v)   u   v  u, v  V &   R
 (0  0)   0   0    R
8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar
multiplication: (   )u   u   u  u  V &  ,   R
(   )0  0   0   0   ,   R
9. Associative property:
( )u   (  u)   u  u  V &  ,   R
( ) 0   (  0)   0  0   ,   R
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V. 10  0

4.7
Examples:
The set V = ℝ will form a vector space over ℝ with usual
addition and multiplication.
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property: u & v  R, then u  v  R
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈ ℝ;
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such
that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈0V;
∈ℝ
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u; For any u ≠ 0 ∈ ℝ, - u ∈ ℝ.
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.
u+v=v+u

4.8
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   R, then;  u  V
For any  , u  R, then  u 
  R
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector
addition :  (u  v)   u   v  u, v  V &   R
 (u  v)   u   v
8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar
multiplication: (   )u   u   u  u  V &  ,   R
(   ) u   u   u
9. Associative property:
( )u   (  u)   u  u  V &  ,   R
(  ) u   (  u)    u
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V. 1u  u

4.9
Examples: The set V  Rwill
n
form a vector space over ℝ .
The element u  R will be of the form n-tuple of elements
n

of ℝ. u  (u1 , u 2 ,  , u n ) u  (1, 0, 4,  ,3)

u  v  (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn )  u  ( u1 ,  u2 , ,  u n )
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property:
u & v  R n , then u  (u1 , u2 , , un ), v  (v1 , v2 , , vn )
u  v  (u1  v1 , u2  v2 , , un  vn )  R n
n
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w R
u, ∈
v, w ; R n , u  (u1 , u2 ,  , un ), v  (v1 , v2 , , vn ) & w  (w1 , w2 ,  , wn )
(u  v)  w  (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn )  (w1 , w2 ,  , wn )
  (u1  v1 )  w 1 , (u2  v2 )  w2 , , (u n  vn )  wn 
  u1  v1  w 1 , u2  v2  w2 ,  , u n  vn  wn 
  u1  (v1  w 1 ), u2  (v2  w2 ), , un  (vn  wn ) 
 u  ( v  w)
4.10
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such
that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;
Here (0, 0, , 0)isthe
R n additive identity.
u  0  (u1  0, u2  0,  , un  0)  (u1 , u2 , , un )  u
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;
u  (u1 , u2 , , un )  R n , - u  (-u1 , - u2 , , - un )  R n
u  -u  (u1 , u2 ,  , un )  (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un )
 (u1 - u1 , u2 - u2 ,  , un - un )  (0, 0,  , 0)
- u  u  (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un )  (u1 , u2 ,  , un )  (0, 0, , 0)
- u  (-u1 , - u2 , , - un )  R n

4.11
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.
u & v  R n , then u  (u1 , u2 , , un ), v  (v1 , v2 ,, vn )
u  v  (u1 , u2 , , un )  (v1 , v2 , , vn )
 (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn )
 (v1  u1 , v2  u2 , , vn  un )
vu
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   R, then
;  u  V
u  R n &   R, then  u  ( u1 ,  u2 , ,  un )  R n
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over
vector addition :  (u  v)   u   v  u, v  V &   R
 (u  v)   (u1  v1 , u2  v2 , , un  vn )
   (u1  v1 ),  (u2  v2 ), ,  (un  vn ) 
   u1   v1 ,  u2   v2 ,  ,  un   vn 
  u  v
4.12
8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar
multiplication: (   )u   u   u  u  V &  ,   R
(   ) (u1 , u2 ,  , un )  ((   )u1 , (   )u2 ,  , (   )un )
 (( u1   u1 ), ( u2   u2 ),  , ( un   un ))
 u   u
9. Associative property:
( )u   (  u)   u  u V &,  R
(  ) (u1 , u2 ,  , un )  ((  )u1 , (  )u2 ,  , (  )un )
 ((  u1 ), (  u2 ), , (  u n ))    u
  (( u1 ), (  u2 ),  , (  un ))
  (( u1 ), (  u2 ),  , (  un ))   (  u)
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V.
1 u  1(u1 , u2 , , un )  u

4.13
Examples: The Vector Space of m × n Matrices
The set of all m × n matrices M mn will form a vector over ℝ
under usual matrix multiplication and scalar multiplication.
 u11 u12  u1n   v11 v12  v1n 
   
 u 21 u 22  u 2n   v 21 v 22  v 2n 
UV  
        
   
u  u mn   v m1 v m2  v mn 
 
 m1 u m2
 u11  v11 u12  v12  u1n  v1n 
 
 u 21  v 21 u 22  v 22  u 2n  v 2n 
 
   
 
u  v u m2  v m2  u mn  v mn 
 m1 m1

 u11 u12  u1m    u11  u12   u1n 

   
 u 21 u 22  u 2m    u 21  u 22   u 2n 
 u    
        
   
u u nm    u m1  u m2   u mn 
 
 n1 u n2 
4.14
I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property: u & v  M mn , then
; u  v  M mn
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈M mn
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such that
u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈M ; mn 0 0  0
 
0 0  0
0
   
 
0 0  0
 
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ M mn , there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;  - u11 - u12  - u1n 
 - u 21 - u 22  - u 2n 
-u 
    
 
- u 
 m1 - u m2  - u mn 
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ M mn .
4.15
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  M mn &   R,; then  u  M mn

7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector

addition :  (u  v)   u   v  u, v  M mn &   R

8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar

multiplication: (   )u   u   u  u  M mn &  ,   R

9. Associative property:
( )u   (  u)   u  u  M mn &  ,   R

10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ M

. mn

4.16
Examples: The Vector Space of Real-Valued Functions
Let V be a set of all real valued functions from any set A with a
vector addition and scalar multiplication defined as follows
will form a vector space over ℝ.
f  g is a function defined by (f  g)(x)  f(x)  g(x) x  A
 f is a function defined by ( f )(x)   f(x)  x  A
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property:
f  g is a function defined by (f  g)(x)  f(x)  g(x) x  A
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈ ℝ;
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such
that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;0(x)  0  x  A
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;
for a function f the additive inverse is (-f)(x)  -f(x)  x  A
4.17
 5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   R, then ;  u  V
 f is a function defined by ( f )(x)   f(x)  x  A
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector
addition :  (u  v)   u   v  u, v  V &   R

8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar

multiplication: (   )u   u   u  u  V &  ,   R

9. Associative property:
( )u   (  u)   u  u V &,  R
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V. 1u  u

4.18
Home Work: The Vector Space of polynomials
Set of all polynomials of degree less than are equal to n, Pn
with a vector addition and scalar multiplication defined as
follows will form a vector space over ℝ.

For the polynomials  
 

  2 n
For  the polynomial   p(x)=𝑎 0+𝑎1 x+a2 x +⋯+an x
4.19
Examples: An Unusual Vector Space
Let V be the set of positive real numbers, and define the
operations on V to be
u  v  uv  u, v  R   u  u   u  R  &   R
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;

3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such

that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V; Here 0 element is 1.
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;
Here for every u ≠1∈ ℝ, the inverse element is 1/u.
6. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over
vector addition :
 (u  v)   (u  v)  (u v)  u  v   u   v

4.20
Examples for not a vector space:

 Let . For and define vector

addition as and scalar multiplication
as .

 Let . For and define vector

addition as and scalar multiplication
as .
M mn M mn
 Consider . For A & B ∈ and define vector
addition as A + B = A B (matrix multiplication ) and usual
scalar multiplication in matrices.
P
 Consider n . For p(x) & q(x ) ∈ n and
P
define vector
addition as p(x) + q(x) = p(x) + q(x) – p(0) –q(0) (matrix
multiplication ) and usual scalar multiplication in matrices.
4.21
Vector Addition:

4.22
Scalar Multiplication:

(6,8)

(3,4)

(1.5,2)

4.23
Thank
You
4.24