Lecture18 Thursday 3/13/08

Solution to Tuesdays In-class Problem .

User Friendly Energy Balance Derivations
Adiabatic (Tuesday’s lecture) .
Heat Exchange Constant Ta .
Heat Exchange Variable Ta Co-current .
Heat Exchange Variable Ta Counter Current
 Adiabatic Operation

FA0
FI

A B


Elementary liquid phase reaction carried out in a CSTR

The feed consists of both inerts I and Species A with the ratio of inerts to the species A being 2 to 1.
(a) Assuming the reaction is irreversible, A  B, (KC = 0) what reactor volume is necessary to
achieve 80% conversion?
(b) If the exiting temperature to the reactor is 360K, what is the corresponding reactor volume?
(c) Make a Levenspiel Plot and then determine the PFR reactor volume for 60% conversion and
95% conversion. Compare with the CSTR volumes at these conversions
(d) Now assume the reaction is reversible, make a plot of the equilibrium conversion as a function
of temperature between 290K and 400K.
CSTR Adiabatic
mol
FA0  5
min
T0  300K H Rx  20,000cal mol A (exothermic)
mol
FI  10
min

A B T
 X
FA0 X
Mole Balance V
rA exit

 C 
Rate Law rA  kC A  B 
  K C 

E  1 1 
  
R T1 T 
k  k1e
H  1 1 
K C  K C1 exp Rx   
 R T2 T 

Stoichiometry C A  C A0 1  X

C B  C A0 X
Energy Balance – Adiabatic, CP = 0

H Rx X H Rx X
T  T0   T0 
 i C Pi C PA   IC PI

 20,000  20,000
T  300   X  300  X
164
  2 18  164  36

T  300  100 X



 Irreversible for Parts (a) through (c)

rA  kC A0 1  X (i.e., K C  )

(a) Given X = 0.8, find T and V


Given X Calc T Calc kŹ Calc ŠrA Calc V

Calc K C
(If reversible)

FA0 X FA0 X
V 
rA exit kC A0 1  X

T  300  1000.8  380K

10,000  1 1 
k  0.1exp   3.81
1.989 298 380 
 

FA0 X 50.8
V   2.82 dm 3
rA 3.8121  0.8


 (b) Given T Calc X Calc kŹ Calc ŠrA Calc V

Calc KC
(If reversible)

rA  kC A0 1  X (Irreversible)

T  360K

T  300
X  0.6
100

k  1.83 min 1

50.6
V  2.05 dm 3
1.8320.4 


 (c)  Levenspiel Plot FA0 FA0

rA kC A0 1  X

T  300  100X

Calc Calc Calc Calc FA0
Choose X 
T 
k 
rA 

rA


 CSTR     X = 0.6     T = 360
30

25

20

-Fa0/Ra
15

10

CSTR 60%

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

CSTR     X = 0.95     T = 395

PFR     X = 0.6

PFR     X = 0.95
Summary

CSTR X = 0.6 T = 360 V = 2.05 dm3

PFR X = 0.6 Texit = 360 V = 5.28 dm3

CSTR X = 0.95 T = 395 V = 7.59 dm3

PFR X = 0.95 Texit = 395 V = 6.62 dm3

 (d) At Equilibrium

C Be C A0 Xe Xe
KC   
C Ae C A0 1  Xe  1  X e

KC
Xe 
1  KC

H  1 1 
K C  K C2 exp R   
 R T2 T 

Calc Calc
Choose T 
K C 
Xe , repeat

20,000  1 1 
K C  1,000exp   
  1.987 290 T 

T  290 K C  1,000 Xe  0.999

 T  330 K C  14.9 Xe  0.937
T  350 K C  2.6 Xe  0.72

T  370 K C  0.95 Xe  0.355

T  390 K C  0.136 Xe  0.12
 T  T0 200

X  C P A   I C PI  
H Rx 20, 000
T  300

X  0.1 T  300

(e) Te = 358 Xe = 0.59


User Friendly Equations Relate T and X or Fi
User Friendly Equations Relate T and X or Fi
 Heat Exchange

Ta
ÝC
m Heat Exchange Fluid
A
FA0  A B

FI 


Elementary liquid phase reaction carried out in a PFR



The feed consists of both inerts I and Species A with the ratio of inerts to the
species A being 2 to 1.
 dX
Mole Balance (1)  rA FA0
dV
 C 
Rate Law (2) rA  kC A  B 
 K C 


E 1 1 

(3) k  k1 exp   
 R T1 T 

H  1 1 
(4)  K C  K C2 exp Rx   
 R T2 T 

Stoichiometry (5) C A  C A0 1 X



(6) CB  C A0 X


Parameters (7)
– (15) FA0 , k1, E, R, T1, K C2 , H Rx , T2 , C A0


Energy Balance

Adiabatic and CP  0

(16A) T  T0 
H Rx X
 iCPi

Additional Parameters (17A) & (17B) T0 ,  iCPi  CPA  I CPI

Heat Exchange dT rA H Rx   Ua T  Ta 

dV   FiCPi

 FiCPi  FA0 iCPi  CP X , if CP  0 then


(16B) dT rA H Rx   Ua T  Ta 

 dV FA0  iCPi


A. Constant Ta (17B) Ta = 300K

Additional Parameters (18B – (20B): Ta , iCPi , Ua

B. Variable Ta Co-Current


dTa Ua T  Ta 
(17C)  , V0 Ta  Tao
dV ÝCPcool
m

C. Variable Ta Counter Current


dTa Ua Ta  T
(18C)  V0 Ta  ? Guess
dV ÝCPcool
m

Guess Ta at V = 0 to match Ta = Tao at exit, i.e., V = Vf


More heat effects
WS  0 (no turbine)
mc
Ta Q  UA Ta  T  A  DL
HC
Ta T D 2
Fi Fi V  L
T 4
FA, Fi V V+ΔV a  4/ D
V V+ΔV

In - Out + Heat Added = 0

FH FH
i i V i i V  V  U a  Ta  T  V  0 Q  U a  Ta  T  V
 d F H
 U T
i i
a a T   0
dV
 d  Fi H i  dH i dF 
   Fi   Hi i 
dV  dV dV 
dH i dT
H i  H  C Pi  T  TR 
i
0
 C Pi
dV dV
dFi
 ri  i   ra 
dV
 d  Fi H i  dT 
   Fi C Pi   H ii   ra   i H i  H R
dV  dV 
  dT 
  C Pi Fi  H R   ra    U a  Ta  T   0
 dV 
dT
 i Pi dV
F C  H r
R a  U a  T  Ta  Heat
generated
Heat
removed

dT  H R   ra   U a  T  Ta  dT Qg  Qr
 
dV  FiCPi dV  Fi C Pi

 F C  F 
i Pi A0 i  i X  C Pi  FA0  C
i Pi  C Pi X 
dT  H R  ra   U a  T  Ta 


dV FA0   i C Pi  C P X 
Example: Constant Ta
Find conversion, Xeq and T as a function of reactor volume
Xeq
X T rate
X
V V V

1) Mole balance dX r
 a
dV FA0
2) Rates
ra  k  C A  C B kC  Parameters
H R , E , R, T1 , T2 ,
 E  1 1 
k  k1 exp     k1 , kC 2 , U a , Ta , FA0 ,
 R  T1 T  
C A0 , C PA , C PI ,  I ,
 H R  1 1 
kC  kC 2 exp    
 rate  ra
 R  T2 T  
3) Stoich C A  C A 0 1  X 
C B  C A0 X
dT  H R   ra   U a  T  Ta 
4) Heat effects   CP  0
dV FA0   i C Pi
kC
X eq 
1  kC
 Ci Pi  C PA   I C PI
Example: Variable Ta CoCurrent
Coolant balance:
In - Out + Heat Added = 0
m C H C V  m C H C V  V  U a V  T  Ta   0
dH C H C  H C0  C PC  Ta  Tr 
 m C  U a  T  Ta   0
dV dH C dT
 C PC a
dTa U a  T  Ta  dV dV
 , V  0 Ta  Ta 0
dV m C C PC
All equations can be used from before except Ta parameter, use
differential Ta instead, adding mC and CPC

Example: Variable Ta Counter - Current

In - Out + Heat Added = 0

m C H C V  V  m C H C V  U a V  T  Ta   0
dH C dTa U a  Ta  T 
m C  U a  T  Ta   0 
dV dV m C C PC
All equations can be used from before except dT a/dV which must be changed to a
negative to arrive at the correct integration we must guess the T a value at V=0, integrate
and see if Ta0 matches; if not, reguess the value for Ta at V=0