THESIS TITLE: REad-out device: wireless

NPK Detector For Plants Through Its Leaves

GROUP MEMBERS:

JOAN CENTENO

JOYLEN SEMANIA

ROD JUSTINE CONSEBIDO

JAYSON SIAZON

ARIANE MAE BAUTISTA

Farm mechanization is viewed as
package of technology to:
 ensure timely field operations to increase productivity,
reduce crop losses and improve quality of agro product
 increase land utilization and input use efficiency
 increase lab our excess fertilizer usage not only makes the
plants dependent on the artificial fertilizers but also
eroroductivity using lab our saving and drudgery. reducing
devices besides, being cost effective and eco-friendly
Fertilizer has been the key input in augmenting food
production. des the land quality, polluted ground water and
in case of surface runoff, pollutes the nearby water bodies.
The excessive evaporation cause salts to accumulate on the
fields making them lose their fertility quickly
Agriculture now should shift to knowledge-based from
resource-based technology. This scenario along with
increasing industrialization and urbanization are putting
tremendous strain on the limited and dwindling land and
water resources. Unless corrective measures are taken, there
may be irreversible damage to the environment and the
resource base.
Introduction
Soil testing is a critical component in determining those nutrients that
are already available and those that may be limited supply. Deficiencies
will impact crop quality or yield and knowing these will assist in
determining the amount and type of fertilizer required. Soil testing,
however, is highly dependent on appropriate soil sampling on an
individual field basis.

Plant tissue analysis may also be used as a method for measuring

nutrient levels of a plant during growth. This analysis is a useful tool for
growers looking to understand the effectiveness of their fertilization
practices. Tissue analysis may also be appropriate for diagnosing certain
production problems.
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development.
 Four approaches to detect plant nitrogen levels in plants include:
• visual diagnosis,
• soil-testing,
• foliar analysis, and
• use of spectral nondestructive sensors.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient that greatly influences root
development, plant growth and crop productivity

Potassium (K) is one of three main crop nutrients, and the high rate of potash
fertilizer utilization (second only to nitrogen) leads to high prices. Therefore,
efficient application, as well as rapid and time monitoring of K in crops is
essential.
In this paper, wireless read-out N,P,K detector for
crops use to described measurements of
N(nitrogen), P(phosphorous), and K(potassium)
content of crop leaves. The detected nutrient
contents present is necessary to decide how much
extra contents of these nutrients are to be added in
the soil to increase crop fertility. This also improves
the quality of the soil which in turn yields a good
quality crop.
OBJECTIVE:

 The objective of this study is to determine the nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium of plan leaves using a detector
 To identify the lacking or too much nutrient present in plants
 To know the disease and immaturity of the plant
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Process
• Determination of
NPK content of a
plant by sensing
Input through NPK
sensor device of
• plants by putting a Output
leaves of different
variants of leaf in the sensor
of the device • The table of data
agricultural plants
gathered in
(e.g. cabbage,
• Analyze and sensing the NPK
lettuce, turnip, horse
interpret the data content.
radish)
gained in the test
• Determined state
• an NPK sensor
• Record the data of the plant
device for plant
gathered and
proceed to
determining of the
NPK content of a
leaf
Hypothesis

 Extracts taken from leaves of the plant have the potential to tell if there is a
nutrient deficiency in the plant using the NPK detector.
 Nutrient deficiency can be detected visually through the leaves if NPK
detector is used.
 Extracts taken from leaves of the plant have the potential to tell if there is a
disease and immaturity of the plants using the detector.
 Sample came from the leaves, stems, and roots have a higher potential to tell
if there is a nutrient deficiency in the plant.
 Methodology
 Nitrogen detector
atLEAF+
The atLEAF+ sensor was introduced in 2013 by FT Green LLC. (Wilmington, USA).
It is a nondestructive, low cost, handheld, easy-to-use portable sensor that
estimates chlorophyll content of leaves. It is lightweight, simple to use, and has
a high memory. The device works by inserting the leaf into the aperture, and
clicking on the measure button. The device can measure leaves that are up to
0.1 in (2.5 mm) in thickness. Two LEDs emit light from the upper part of the
aperture at two wavelengths, red at 660 nm and NIR at 940 nm.
 The atLEAF+ sensor uses a similar system as the SPAD meter. A value can be
retrieved from the sensor in less than a second on the LCD screen. This device in
particular has a distinct feature — it can save up to 5,000 measurements. The
device can be programmed through Windows® compatible software that comes
with the device, to insert up to 500 species names that are up to 35 characters
long. This makes it easier for growers and researchers who are investigating
different species to store their data. It is also convenient that the measurements
collected can be transferred to a computer using the USB mode. Users can use the
keys on the device to: view stored measurements, delete recent data, clear all
data, and transfer the data to a PC. The producers of this device claim that the
readings of the device are as accurate as SPAD readings. On their website, there is
an atLEAF+ to SPAD conversion application. Recent studies conducted at
Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University in China, have shown promising results
in canola, potato, corn, wheat, and barley. It is suggested as an inexpensive
alternative to the SPAD meter. This sensor is suitable for use on trees, shrubs,
vines, field crops, and greenhouse crops.
 Feature:
Measures: Chlorophyll content
Measurement system\ wavelength :Absorbance of red (660nm) and NIR
(940nm)
Measured sample:plant leaves
Measurement area: 9x9 mm Size: 164x78x49 mm
Power source: 2 AA alkaline batteries
Time to measure: less than a sec
Memory capacity: 5,000 readings with name
Data transfer: USB with software for windows
Phosphorus detector
 Plant Leaf Phosphorus Based on Hyperspectral Reflectance.
It is well known that phosphorus deficiency in plants disturbs the production of
chlorophyll, causing leaf chlorosis. Prolonged P deficiency may further result in the
accumulation of anthocyanins, consequently leading to purple discolouration on the leaf
surface.The above-mentioned changes alter the spectral reflectance characteristics of
leaves or canopies and enable the application of spectral reflectance methods, such as
leaf colour charts and chlorophyll metres, for the nondestructive estimation of
phosphorus status ; however, most of these methods focus on individual leaves.
Hyperspectral imaging, which combines spectroscopy with imaging methods, allows
collection of canopy images and delivers representative reflectance data that are useful
for the determination of plant phosphorus status in the field. In recent years, this
technique has been effectively employed for various crops to estimate biophysical
parameters, such as leaf area index, leaf and fruit pigment content, biomass as well as
detection of diseases and fungal infections. Several studies have been reported on the
spectral changes related to leaf water content , chlorophyll content and macronutrient
content, e.g., nitrogen and potassium
 Potassium detector
The correlation between LKC and the two-band spectral indices computed with
random two bands from 350 to 2500 nm were determined for the published K
vegetation indices in rice. Results showed that the spectral reflectance, R, of the
shortwave infrared (1300–2000 nm) region was sensitive to the K levels and
significantly correlated with rice LKC. New shortwave infrared two-band spectral
indices, Normalized difference spectral index [NDSI (R1705, R1385)], Ratio
spectral index [RSI (R1385, R1705)], and Difference spectral index [DSI (R1705,
R1385)], showed good correlations with LKC (R² up to 0.68). Moreover, the three-
band spectral indices (R1705 − R700)/(R1385 − R700) and (R1705 −
R1385)/(R1705 + R1385 − 2 × R704) were developed by adding red edge bands to
improve accuracy. Three-band spectral indices had an improved prediction
accuracy for rice LKC (R² up to 0.74). However, several previously published K-
sensitive vegetation indices did not yield good results in this study. Validation
with independent samples showed that the indices (R1705 − R700)/(R1385 −
R700) and (R1705 − R1385)/(R1705 + R1385 − 2 × R704) had higher accuracies and
stabilities than two-band indices and are suitable for quantitatively estimating
rice LKC. The widescale application of these proposed vegetation indices in this
paper still needs to be verified in different environmental conditions.
 Thus this NPK detector is compose of those sensor from Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
and Potassium.