Course Title: Analytical

Chemistry-I
Course Code: CHM-404
Semmester: 4th E
Date: 24-03-20
By
Dr. Aisha Ashraf
Analytical process
• Analytical problem

• Method selection

• Representative sample

• Sample preparation
Analytical process
• Chemical separation

• Performing measurement

• Calculate results
Analytical process
Analytical problem
What is the problem? What needs to be found.
Qualitative or quantitative?
What information will be used?
Who will use the information?
How accurate and precise is it?
What is the budget?
The analyst should consult with client to plan an
efficient analysis.
Analytical process
Method selection
Factors
Sample type
 Size of sample
 Preparation of sample
Concentration or range
 Selectivity needed
 Tools/instruments available
 Expertise/experience
Cost
Analytical process
Method selection
Factors
Speed
 Automation
 Are methods available in chemical literature
Are standard methods available?
Analytical process
Representative sample
Factors
Sample type/ homogeneity/ size
Sampling statistics/error
Analytical process
Prepare the sample for analysis
Factors
Solid/liquid or gas Soxhelt assembly
 Dissolve
Ash or digest
 Chemical separation or masking needed?
 Need to concentrate the sample
Need to adjust solution pH
Analytical process
Perform Any Necessary Chemical
Separations
Factors
Distillation
Precipitation
Solvent extraction
Solid phase extraction
Chromatography (may include the measurement step)
Electrophoresis
Analytical process
Perform the measurement
Factors
Calibration
Validate/Blanks/Controls
 Replicate
Analytical process
Calculate the Results and Report
Factors
Statistical analysis (reliability)
Interpret carefully for intended audience.
Critically evaluate results. Are iterations needed?
Report results with limitations/accuracy information
Analytical process
Prepare the sample for analysis
Factors
Distillation
Precipitation
Solvent extraction
Solid phase extraction
Chromatography (may include the measurement step)
Electrophoresis
Reference books
Harris, B. C. and W.H. Harris. 2010. Quantitative Chemical
Analysis. 8th Edition. Freeman and Company New York.
Christian, G.D. 2006. Analytical Chemistry. Sixth edition, John
Wiley and Sons, New York.
Skoog, D. A. and D.M. West 2005. Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry. Hot Reinehart Inc., London.
Kealey, D and P.J.Haines, 2002. Analytical Chemistry, Bios
Scientific Publishers Limited, Oxford, UK.
Sharma, B. K. 2004. Instrumental methods of chemical
analysis, In; Introduction to Analytical chemistry: Goel
Publishing House Meerut, 23th Edition.
Reilley, C. 1993. Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry.
Allyn & Bacon, London.