Burns & Grove's The Practice of

Nursing Research 9th Edition Jennifer

R. Gray
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Burns & Grove’s The Practice of
Nursing Research

Appraisal, Synthesis, and

Generation of Evidence

9 TH EDITION

Jennifer R. Gray, PhD, RN, FAAN

Dean, College of Professional Studies, Oklahoma Christian University,
Edmond, Oklahoma
Professor Emeritus, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas

Susan K. Grove, PhD, RN, ANP-BC,

GNP-BC
Professor Emeritus, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
Adult Nurse Practitioner
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Contents in brief

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Reviewers

Preface

Useful tools

Acknowledgments
UNIT 1. Introduction to Nursing Research

1. Discovering the world of nursing

 Definition of nursing research

Framework linking nursing research to the world of nursing

Focus of research evidence in nursing

Your role in research

Key points

References

2. Evolution of research in building evidence-based nursing practice

Historical development of research in nursing

Current national research initiatives

Methodologies for developing research evidence in nursing

Classification of research methodologies presented in this text

Introduction to best research evidence for practice

Introduction to evidence-based practice guidelines

Key points

References

3. Introduction to quantitative research

Methods for quantitative research

Defining terms relevant to quantitative research

Steps of the quantitative research process

 Steps of the quantitative research process for a quasi-
experimental study

Key points

References

4. Introduction to qualitative research

Philosophical perspectives for qualitative research

Unique characteristics of qualitative research

Methodologies for qualitative research

Other approaches to qualitative research

Key points

References

UNIT 2. The Research Process

5. Research problem and purpose

The research problem

The research purpose

Sources of research problems and purposes

Formulating a research problem and purpose

Example of problem and purpose development

Feasibility of a study
 Examples of research topics, problems, and purposes for
different types of research

Key points

References

6. Objectives, questions, hypotheses, and study variables

Use of research objectives or aims in studies

Formulating research questions

Hypotheses

Identifying and defining study variables or concepts

Defining concepts and operationalizing variables in quantitative

studies

Key points

References

7. Review of relevant literature

Getting started: Frequently asked questions

Practical considerations for performing a literature review

Stages of a literature review

Key points

References
8. Frameworks

Introduction of terms

Understanding concepts

Examining statements

Levels of abstraction of statements

Appraising theories and research frameworks

Developing a research framework for study

Key points

References

9. Ethics in research

Historical events affecting the development of ethical codes and

regulations

Early US government research regulations

Standards for privacy for research data

Protection of human rights

Human subject protection in genomics research

Informed consent

Institutional review

Research misconduct

Animals as research subjects

 Key points

References

10. Quantitative methodology: Noninterventional designs and

methods

Concepts important to noninterventional research design

Design validity

Decisions to develop and implement noninterventional studies

Noninterventional designs that capture change across time

Descriptive designs

Correlational designs

Key points

References

11. Quantitative methodology: Interventional designs and methods

Research terms

Study interventions

Threats to validity in interventional studies

Interventional designs

Algorithms for identifying and selecting interventional designs

Other designs
 Key points

References

12. Qualitative research methods

Principles supporting qualitative methods

Research process in qualitative studies

Qualitative sampling

Data collection methods

Data management

Organizing and storing data

Data analysis

Reporting qualitative studies

Methods for specific methodologies

Key points

References

13. Outcomes research

Current status of outcomes research

The origins of modern outcomes research

Structure, process, and outcome in current research

Federal government involvement in outcomes research

 Nongovernmental involvement in outcomes research

Outcomes research and evidence-based practice

Nursing-sensitive patient outcomes

Methodological considerations for outcomes studies

Key points

References

14. Mixed methods research

Philosophical foundations

Overview of mixed methods designs

Challenges of mixed methods designs

Critically appraising mixed methods designs

Key points

References

15. Sampling

Sampling theory

Probability (random) sampling methods

Nonprobability (nonrandom) sampling methods commonly

applied in quantitative and outcomes research

Nonprobability sampling methods commonly applied in

qualitative and mixed methods research
 Sample size in quantitative research

Sample size in qualitative research

Research settings

Recruiting and retaining research participants

Key points

References

16. Quantitative measurement concepts

Directness of measurement

Measurement error

Levels of measurement

Reference testing measurement

Reliability

Validity

Accuracy, precision, and error of physiological measures

Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios

Key points

References

17. Measurement methods used in developing evidence-based

practice
 Physiological measurement

Observational measurement

Interviews in research

Questionnaires

Scales

Q-sort methodology

Delphi technique

Diaries

Measurement using existing databases

Selection of an existing instrument

Introduction to scale construction

Translating a scale to another language

Key points

References

UNIT 3. Putting It All Together for Evidence-Based Health

Care

18. Critical appraisal of nursing studies

Evolution of critical appraisal of research in nursing

When are critical appraisals of research implemented in

nursing?
 Nurses’ expertise in critical appraisal of research

Critical appraisal process for quantitative research

Critical appraisal process for qualitative studies

Key points

References

19. Evidence synthesis and strategies for implementing evidence-

based practice

Strengths, challenges, and current status of evidence-based

practice in nursing

Guidelines for synthesizing research evidence

Models to promote evidence-based practice in nursing

Implementing evidence-based guidelines in practice

Evidence-based practice centers

Introduction to translational research and translational science

Key points

References

UNIT 4. Collecting and Analyzing Data, Determining

Outcomes, and Disseminating Research

20. Collecting and managing data

Study protocol
 Factors influencing data collection

Preparation for data collection

Pilot study

Role of the researcher during data collection and management

Research/researcher support

Serendipity

Key points

References

21. Introduction to statistical analysis

Concepts of statistical theory

Types of statistics

Practical aspects of statistical analysis

Choosing appropriate statistical procedures for a study

Key points

References

22. Using statistics to describe variables

Using statistics to summarize data

Using statistics to explore deviations in the data

Key points
 References

23. Using statistics to examine relationships

Scatter diagrams

Bivariate correlational analysis

Bland and Altman plots

Factor analysis

Key points

References

24. Using statistics to predict

Simple linear regression

Multiple regression

Odds ratio

Logistic regression

Cox proportional hazards regression

Key points

References

25. Using statistics to determine differences

Choosing parametric versus nonparametric statistics to

determine differences
 t-tests

One-way analysis of variance

Pearson chi-square test

Key points

References

26. Interpreting research outcomes

Example study

Identification of limitations through examination of design validity

Generalizing the findings

Considering implications for practice, theory, and knowledge

Suggesting further research

Forming final conclusions

Key points

References

27. Disseminating research findings

Components of a research report

Types of research reports

Audiences for communication of research findings

Strategies for presentation of research findings

 Strategies for publication of research findings

Key points

References

UNIT 5. Proposing and Seeking Funding for Research

28. Writing research proposals

Writing a research proposal

Types of research proposals

Content of a quantitative research proposal

Content of a qualitative research proposal

Seeking approval for a study

Example quantitative research proposal

Key points

References

29. Seeking funding for research

Building a program of research

Building capital

Identifying funding sources

Submitting a proposal for a federal grant

Grant management
 Planning your next grant

Key points

References

Appendix A: z values table

Appendix B: Critical values for student’s t distribution

Appendix C: Critical values of r for pearson product moment

correlation coefficient

Appendix D: Critical values of F for α = 0.05 and α = 0.01

Appendix E: Critical values of the χ2 distribution

Glossary

Index

Inside back cover

Contents in brief
Unit 1 Introduction to nursing
research, 1
1 Discovering the World of Nursing, 1
2 Evolution of Research in Building Evidence-Based Nursing
Practice, 19
3 Introduction to Quantitative Research, 46
4 Introduction to Qualitative Research, 75
Unit 2 The research process, 103
5 Research Problem and Purpose, 103
6 Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses, and Study Variables,
129
7 Review of Relevant Literature, 152
8 Frameworks, 170
9 Ethics in Research, 190
10 Quantitative Methodology: Noninterventional Designs
and Methods, 234
11 Quantitative Methodology: Interventional Designs and
Methods, 261
12 Qualitative Research Methods, 314
13 Outcomes Research, 358
14 Mixed Methods Research, 386
15 Sampling, 410
16 Quantitative Measurement Concepts, 450
17 Measurement Methods Used in Developing Evidence-
Based Practice, 486
Unit 3 Putting it all together for
evidence-based health care, 529
18 Critical Appraisal of Nursing Studies, 529
19 Evidence Synthesis and Strategies for Implementing
Evidence-Based Practice, 551
Unit 4 Collecting and analyzing data,
determining outcomes, and
disseminating research, 607
20 Collecting and Managing Data, 607
21 Introduction to Statistical Analysis, 635
22 Using Statistics to Describe Variables, 652
23 Using Statistics to Examine Relationships, 663
24 Using Statistics to Predict, 675
25 Using Statistics to Determine Differences, 687
26 Interpreting Research Outcomes, 699
27 Disseminating Research Findings, 717
Unit 5 Proposing and seeking
funding for research, 748
28 Writing Research Proposals, 748
29 Seeking Funding for Research, 780
Appendices
Appendix A. z Values Table, 795
Appendix B. Critical Values for Student’s t Distribution, 798
Appendix C. Critical Values of r for Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient, 800
Appendix D. Critical Values of F for α = 0.05 and α = 0.01, 801
Appendix E. Critical Values of the χ2 Distribution, 803

Glossary, 804
Index, 828
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 [1626] Gazette of the United States, May 16, 1799.
[1627] Aurora, June 25, August 5, 1799.
[1628] Ibid., September 24, 1799.
[1629] Adams, Works, X, 116-19.
[1630] Ibid.
[1631] Aurora, January 10, 1800.
[1632] Ibid., February 27, 1800.
[1633] Gibbs, II, 241; Morse to Wolcott.
[1634] May 14, 1799.
[1635] June 1, 1799.
[1636] May 16, 1799.
[1637] July 18, 1799.
[1638] Gibbs, II, 313-18.
[1639] Steiner, 382.
[1640] August 21, 1799.
[1641] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 49-53; (to Gerry), X, 74-86. All of which
is borne out by the signed statement of Logan, whose veracity was more reliable than
that of Harper.
[1642] New York Commercial Advertiser, November 15, 1798.
[1643] Ibid., November 22, 1798.
[1644] Adams, Works, VIII, 615.
[1645] Gibbs, II, 195.
[1646] Aurora, January 3, 1799.
[1647] Ibid., January 16, 1799.
[1648] Morison, Otis, I, 168-71.
[1649] Adams, Works, VIII, 617.
[1650] Jefferson’s Works, X, 86-89.
[1651] Gibbs, II, 313-18.
[1652] Adams, Adams, I, 523-24.
[1653] Lodge, Hamilton, 212.
[1654] Hamilton’s Works (to King), X, 314-15.
[1655] Ibid., 315-16.
[1656] Randall, Jefferson, II, 464.
 [1657] Hamilton’s Works, X, 389.
[1658] See King’s Works, II, 649-66; III, 556, 565; Adams, Works, X, 145 and 147.
[1659] At the rate of four for Connecticut with a population of 250,000.
[1660] Adams, Adams, I, 536.
[1661] Adams, Adams, I, 538-39.
[1662] Jefferson’s Works (to Madison), X, 110-13.
[1663] Ibid. (to Madison), 119-21.
[1664] Pickering, III, 439. According to another version, Adams received the
committee politely until Sedgwick angered him with a slurring remark on Gerry.
[1665] Porcupine’s Gazette, February 20, 1799.
[1666] Ibid., February 21, 1799.
[1667] Ibid., February 28, 1799.
[1668] Adams, Adams, I, 544-45.
[1669] King’s Works, III, 68.
[1670] Steiner, 416.
[1671] King’s Works, IX, 249.
[1672] Lodge, Cabot, 224-26.
[1673] King’s Works, III, 7-10.
[1674] Lodge, Cabot, 221.
[1675] Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 229-30.
[1676] Morison, Otis (to Otis), I, 171.
[1677] Ames (to Dwight), I, 252.
[1678] Morison, Otis, I, 174-75.
[1679] Anas, I, 351-52.
[1680] King’s Works (Cabot to King), III, 111; (to Pickering), 228; (to Wolcott),
229.
[1681] Aurora, April 27, 1799.
[1682] Centinel, June 8, June 17, 1799.
[1683] August 28, 1799.
[1684] Lodge, Cabot, 237.
[1685] Adams, Adams, I, 554.
[1686] Stoddert was reported to have told General Sam Smith that this was in his
mind; Anas, I, 349-50.
[1687] Lodge, Cabot, 240-42.
[1688] King’s Works (Cabot to King), III, 114.
[1689] Centinel, October 9, 1799.
[1690] Anas, I, 349.
[1691] Brown, Life of Ellsworth, 279.
[1692] Ibid.
[1693] Aurora, October 23, 1799.
[1694] Ibid., October 25, 1799.
[1695] Aurora, July 26, August 5, 1799.
[1696] Morison, Otis, I, 137; McRee, Iredell, II, 571.
[1697] Jefferson’s Works, X, 154-59.
[1698] Aurora, April 2, 1800.
[1699] Ibid., April 4, 1800.
[1700] Annals, March 28, 1800.
[1701] April 2, 1800.
[1702] Beveridge, II, 453.
[1703] King’s Works, III, 237-38.
[1704] The nature of the amendment is not disclosed in the Annals, April 16, 1800.
[1705] Aurora, April 28, 1800.
[1706] Ibid., April 30, 1800.
[1707] Aurora, January 2, 1799.
[1708] Jefferson’s Works, X, 70-74.
[1709] Ibid., 74.
[1710] Ibid., 89-92.
[1711] Adams, Works, X, 116-19.
[1712] Commercial Advertiser, February 13, 1800.
[1713] Randall, II, 470.
[1714] Jefferson’s Works, X, 95-97.
[1715] Ibid., 86-89.
[1716] Ibid., 95-97.
[1717] Ibid., 97-99.
[1718] Dodd, Macon, 157-59.
[1719] Thomas, Reminiscences, II, 54-56.
[1720] Jefferson’s Works, X, 134-36.
 [1721] Ibid., 154-59.
[1722] Ibid.
[1723] Randall, II, 538.
[1724] Hamilton’s Works, X, 363.
[1725] Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr; Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr;
Familiar Letters, 237; Oliver, Hamilton; Bradford, Damaged Souls.
[1726] Adams, Gallatin (Matthew L. Davis to Gallatin), 232-34.
[1727] Parton, Burr, I, 247.
[1728] Myers, Tammany Hall, 12.
[1729] Commercial Advertiser, April 26, 1800.
[1730] Commercial Advertiser, July 26, 1800.
[1731] Ibid., April 29, 1800.
[1732] Ibid.
[1733] Commercial Advertiser, April 29, 1800.
[1734] Adams, Gallatin, 237-38.
[1735] Adams, Gallatin (to his wife), 240-41.
[1736] Hamilton’s Works, X, 371.
[1737] Adams, Gallatin, 238-40.
[1738] Ibid., 241.
[1739] Gibbs (McHenry to his brother), II, 246-48.
[1740] Gibbs, II, 246-48; Steiner, 454.
[1741] Pickering, III, 487.
[1742] Ibid., III, 488.
[1743] Hamilton’s Works, X, 376.
[1744] Steiner, 457.
[1745] Aurora, March 6, 1800.
[1746] Aurora, May 9, 1800.
[1747] Centinel, May 21, 1800.
[1748] Centinel, May 24, 1800.
[1749] King’s Works, III, 249.
[1750] Ibid., 250.
[1751] King’s Works (from Pickering), 262-63; (Ames to King), 275-76; (Goodhue
to Pickering), 243-44.
 [1752] Ibid. (from Pickering), 248; (from Cabot), 249.
[1753] Hamilton’s Works (to Sedgwick), X, 375-76.
[1754] King’s Works, III, 250.
[1755] Ibid., 275-76.
[1756] Aurora, July 17, 1800.
[1757] Aurora, June 7, 1800.
[1758] Hamilton’s Works (to Bayard), X, 384-87.
[1759] Hamilton’s Works (to Bayard), X, 384-87.
[1760] Quoted by The Aurora, July 30, 1800.
[1761] August 5, 1800.
[1762] Familiar Letters, 373; Lodge, Cabot.
[1763] Memoir of Theophilus Parsons, 328-29; 336-42, 345, 418, 436.
[1764] Thomas, Reminiscences, I, 17; T. W. Higginson, Stephen Higginson, 137,
272, 280, 273-76.
[1765] Familiar Letters, 370-71, 381.
[1766] Centinel, June 21, 1800.
[1767] Centinel, June 21, 1800.
[1768] Ibid.
[1769] Aurora, June 21, 1800.
[1770] Aurora, June 30, 1800.
[1771] Centinel, June 28, 1800.
[1772] August 9, 1800.
[1773] Chronicle, July 31, 1800.
[1774] Ibid., August 18, 1800.
[1775] King’s Works (J. Hale to King), III, 270.
[1776] Hamilton’s Works, X, 379-80.
[1777] Gibbs (McHenry to Wolcott), II, 414-15.
[1778] Gibbs, II, 374-75.
[1779] Lodge, Cabot, 278-80.
[1780] Gibbs, II, 381.
[1781] Gibbs, II, 382.
[1782] Ibid., 379.
[1783] Ibid., 384.
 [1784] Ibid., 400-05.
[1785] Aurora, September 11, 1800.
[1786] Lodge, Cabot (to Wolcott), 282.
[1787] Lodge, Cabot, 286-88.
[1788] Gibbs (Phelps to Wolcott), II, 380.
[1789] American Mercury, September 11. 1800.
[1790] Lodge, Cabot (Wolcott to Cabot), 278.
[1791] Aurora, July 26, 28, 1800.
[1792] Gibbs, II, 162.
[1793] Aurora, November 15, 1800; Langdon to Samuel Ringgold.
[1794] Gibbs, II, 418-19.
[1795] August 7, 1800.
[1796] This pamphlet is in New York Public Library.
[1797] Welling’s Lectures, 274-75.
[1798] Hartford Courant, June 23, 30, July 7, 14, 21, 26, August 4, 11, 18,
September 1, 15, 22, 1800.
[1799] American Mercury, July 10, 1800.
[1800] Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England, 27.
[1801] Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England, 27.
[1802] Centinel, March 1, 22, 1800.
[1803] Gibbs (Phelps to Wolcott), II, 418-19.
[1804] August 4, 1800.
[1805] New York Commercial Advertiser, May 13, 1800.
[1806] American Mercury, September 19, 1800.
[1807] Gibbs (from Phelps), II, 418.
[1808] Courant, September 15, 1800.
[1809] Ibid.
[1810] Connecticut in Transition, 315-16.
[1811] Courant, September 15, 1800.
[1812] Original copies published in both Philadelphia and Newark are in New
York Public Library.
[1813] Courant, September 22, 1800.
[1814] Courant, November 17, 1800.
 [1815] Jefferson’s Works (to Uriah McGregory), X, 170-73.
[1816] Aurora, September 1, 1800.
[1817] Aurora, September 4, 1800.
[1818] Courant, August 25, 1800.
[1819] A Voice of Warning.
[1820] Serious Considerations.
[1821] Serious Facts.
[1822] Morse, Federalist Party in Massachusetts, 133-34.
[1823] Morse, Federalist Party in Massachusetts, 95, note.
[1824] The Claims of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency Examined at the Bar of
Christianity, probably by Asbury Dickens in New York Public Library.
[1825] Address to the People of the United States, etc., by John James Beckley, in
New York public Library.
[1826] Independent Chronicle, June 30, 1800.
[1827] American Mercury, October 2, 1800.
[1828] Aurora, March 31, 1800.
[1829] Ibid., October 14, 1800.
[1830] Lodge, Cabot, 283-84.
[1831] Hamilton’s Works, X, 383-84.
[1832] Ibid., 388-89.
[1833] Lodge, Cabot (Cabot to Hamilton), 284-86.
[1834] Hamilton’s Works, X, 389-90.
[1835] Lodge, Cabot, 293.
[1836] Davis, Burr, II, 65.
[1837] Parton, I, 126-27; Davis, II, 65.
[1838] Copied in the Commercial Advertiser, November 27, 1800.
[1839] Hamilton’s Works, VII, 309-64.
[1840] Lodge, Cabot, 298-300.
[1841] Centinel, November 15, 1800.
[1842] Ibid., November 26, 1800.
[1843] October 27, 1800.
[1844] November 4, 1800.
[1845] October 30, 1800.
 [1846] December 1, 1800.
[1847] October 29, 1800.
[1848] Reprinted in The Aurora, November 13, 1800.
[1849] Answer to Alexander Hamilton’s Letter Concerning the Public Conduct and
Character of John Adams.
[1850] Hamilton’s Works, X, 391.
[1851] Ames, I, 283-85.
[1852] Gibbs, II, 384-86.
[1853] American Mercury, June 19, 1800.
[1854] Steiner (Hamilton to McHenry), 466; (Dickinson to McHenry), 471.
[1855] A Series of Letters on the Subject of ‘The Legislative Choice’ of Electors in
Maryland, by ‘Bystander.’
[1856] August 4, 1800.
[1857] Gibbs (to Wolcott), II, 388-90.
[1858] Ibid., II, 399.
[1859] Ibid., II, 387-88.
[1860] Aurora, November 11, 1800.
[1861] Morris, Diary, II. 394-95.
[1862] Gibbs (Wolcott to wife), II, 456.
[1863] Adams, Letters of Mrs. Adams, II, 239-41.
[1864] Ibid., 243-44.
[1865] Morris. Diary, II, 396.
[1866] Mrs. Smith, 9-10.
[1867] Adams, Gallatin (Gallatin to his wife), 252-55.
[1868] Ibid., 255.
[1869] Ibid., 255.
[1870] Mrs. Smith, 13-15.
[1871] Ibid., 4.
[1872] Mrs. Smith, 3.
[1873] Ibid., 5.
[1874] Gallatin’s expression; Adams, Gallatin, 252-53.
[1875] Hamilton’s Works, X, 392-93.
[1876] Hamilton’s Works, X, 393-97.
[1877] Parton, Burr, I, 267.
[1878] Hamilton’s Works, X, 397.
[1879] Ibid., 393-97.
[1880] McLaughlin, Matthew Lyon, 386.
[1881] Parton, Burr, I, 270.
[1882] Hamilton’s Works, X, 401.
[1883] Ibid., 402-04.
[1884] Ibid., 404-05.
[1885] Ibid., 405-07.
[1886] Morris, Diary, II, 397.
[1887] Morris, Diary, II, 404.
[1888] Morison, Otis, I, 211-12.
[1889] King’s Works, III, 363.
[1890] Steiner, 485-88.
[1891] Ibid., 489-90.
[1892] King’s Works (Pickering to King), III, 366.
[1893] Parton, Burr, I, 272-73.
[1894] Ibid., 274.
[1895] Parton, Burr, I, 274-75.
[1896] Ibid., 277-78.
[1897] Hamilton’s Works, X, 412-19.
[1898] Hamilton’s Works, X, 419-20.
[1899] King’s Works (J. Hale to King), III, 372.
[1900] Ibid. (Sedgwick to King), 455.
[1901] Hamilton’s Works, X, 420.
[1902] King’s Works (Troup to King), III, 391.
[1903] Jefferson’s Works (to Hugh Williamson), X, 188; (to William Dunbar), 191.
[1904] Adams, Gallatin (Gallatin to his wife), 257.
[1905] Commercial Advertiser, January 17, 1801.
[1906] Reprinted in Connecticut Courant, January 26, 1801.
[1907] Centinel, January 28, 1801.
[1908] Centinel, January 7, 1801.
[1909] Ibid., February 11, 1801.
[1910] Ibid.
[1911] Adams. Gallatin, 248-51.
[1912] Adams, Gallatin, 248-51.
[1913] Ibid.
[1914] Centinel, February 18, 1801, before the result of the election was known.
[1915] Anas, I, 381.
[1916] Morris, Diary, II, 403.
[1917] Jefferson’s Works, X, 196-97.
[1918] Connecticut Courant, February 11, 1801.
[1919] Parton, Burr, I, 288.
[1920] Morison, Otis, I, 207-08.
[1921] Mrs. Smith, 24.
[1922] Commercial Advertiser, February 16, 1801.
[1923] Mrs. Smith, 24.
[1924] Jefferson’s Works, X, 198-99.
[1925] Morison, Otis, I, 207-08.
[1926] Adams, Gallatin, 260-61.
[1927] Ibid., 261-62.
[1928] Parton, Burr, I, 288.
[1929] Mrs. Smith, 23.
[1930] Parton, Burr; Letter to Hamilton.
[1931] Adams, Gallatin, 262.
[1932] Annals, February 21, 1801.
[1933] Annals, March 2, 1801.
[1934] Gibbs, II, 497.
[1935] Adams, Gallatin, 265.
[1936] Mrs. Smith, 12.
[1937] Ibid., 26.
[1938] Mrs. Smith.
[1939] Hamilton’s Works, X, 425.
[1940] Ibid., X, 444.
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