Transport of

Dangerous goods and Perishable goods

Transport of Dangerous Goods and
Perishable Goods
DEFINITION OF DANGEROUS GOODS
Dangerous Goods are articles or substances which are capable of posing a
risk to health, safety, property or the environment, and which are shown
in the list of Dangerous Goods in the Dangerous Goods Regulations or
which are classified according to these Regulations.
Perishable goods
Perishable goods transportation involves the transportation of temperature-
sensitive goods. It is an integrated component of cold chain logistics and
helps in the management and control of the flow of the cold chain supply
process. A rise in international trade has increased the need for the
transportation of perishable products from producers to end-users in
distant locations. It requires extensive logistics planning to ensure the
integrity of the goods transported. The introduction of new and innovative
methods to manage the supply chain management improves the
effectiveness of logistics.
Differences between
Dangerous goods and
perishable goods
 Dangerous Goods
Dangerous goods  are substances that when transported are
a risk to health, safety, property or the environment.
Certain dangerous goods that pose risks even when not
being transported.
Materials
 that are , flammable,
radioactive,explosive, corrosive,
oxidizing, bio-hazardous, toxic, pathogenic, or allergenic.
the risks associated with hazardous materials may require
the application of safety precautions during their transport,
use, storage and disposal.
Packaging : Mostly packed in large or small containers or
in cans which are air tied and then packed in cardboard
boxes.
Perishable Goods
Perishable commodities are those commodities
which deteriorates quickly when not stored
properly or which might get spoiled during
handled and shipping are perishable goods.
Perishable
goods are foods, such as fruits and
vegetables, dairy, fish, and meat products, have
a limited shelf life after harvest or production. 
These environmental factors include the storage
temperature, pressure and relative humidity,
and composition and velocity of surrounding
gas.
Packaging: it is done in boxes mainly in
thermocol boxes, cardboard boxes or
refrigerated boxes.
Classification of Dangerous goods and
Perishable goods
 Class 1 - Explosives  Perishable
 Class 2 – Gases  Semi- perishable
 Class 3 – Flamable Liquids  Non- Perishable
 Class 4 – Flamable Solids
 Class 5 – Oxidizer And Organic
Peroxide
 Class 6 – Poison and Infectious
Substances
 Class 7 - Radioactive
 Class 8 - Corrosive
 Class 9 - Misscelaneous
CLASS 1
EXPLOSIVES
An explosive, is a reactive substance that
contains a great amount of potential
energy that can produce an explosion if
released suddenly, usually accompanied
by the production of light, heat, sound,
and pressure.
 1.1 Substances and articles which have a mass

explosion hazard. Example: TNT, Dynamite, C4.
1.2 Substances and articles which have a projection
hazard but not a mass explosion hazard.Example:
Rockets, Detonation Cord

1.3 Substances and articles which have a fire hazard
and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection
hazard or both. Example: Commercial fireworks,
Smoke signals, flash bangs

1.4 Substances and articles which present no
significant hazard; only a small hazard in the event of
ignition or initiation during transport with any effects
largely confined to the package. Example: Small arms
ammunition, inert projectiles, consumer fireworks

1.5 Very insensitive substances which have a mass
explosion hazard. Example: Blasting agents.

1.6 Extremely insensitive articles which do not have a
mass explosion hazard.Example: Extremely insensitive
explosives, some large caliber projectiles. IMX-101
CLASS 2
GASES
 Gasesare mostly carried under
pressure to reduce their volume,
and hence to save space in
transport and storage. Gases can
explode, project or be very cold.
Sub-Divisions
 2.1 Flammable Gases
Example: Hairspray, WD40, Deodorant
 2.2 Non-flammable, non-toxic Gases
Example: Oxygen, Helium
(compressed), Fire Extinguisher
 2.3 Toxic Gases
Example: Chlorine
CLASS 3
 
FLAMMABLE COMMON EXAMPLES
LIQUIDS  Paint
 Perfumes
 Fuel
The most common dangerous
goods in transport is Flammable  Alcohol
Liquids. All liquids, mixture of  Acetone
liquids or liquids containing solids  Methanol
in solution or suspension which
give off enough flammable vapor
at temperatures of not more than
60°C are classified as Flammable
Liquids.
CLASS 4
FLAMMABLE SOLIDS
The class is subdivided in three
different divisions, as they can be
ignited under different
circumstances.
 4.1 Flammable Solids - will catch fire
trough friction or heat.
 4.2 Spontaneously Combustible - does
not need heat or friction, mere contact
with air or sunlight can cause combustion.
 4.3 Dangerous When Wet - are the
dangerous when wet substances, which
only burn when in contact with water.
COMMON EXAMPLES
 4.1 - Matches, Magnesium
 4.2 - White phosphorus, Ferrocerium (used
in fire-steel), flint
 4.3 - Lithium, Sodium, Carbid (used in
mining)
CLASS 5
OXIDISING Sub-Divisions
5.1 Oxidizers
SUBSTANCES


Example: Oxygen, Oxygen Generators.

Oxidizers are not necessarily combustible on The colors in fireworks are created by use
their own but they contribute to a fire by of metal salts, many of them are
giving of oxygen and cause or contribute to the Oxidizers.
combustion of other materials.
 5.2 Organic Peroxides
Organic Peroxides are thermally unstable and
may become very hot while undergoing Example: Some bleachs, Acne medication.
exothermic decomposition. Additionally,
Organic Peroxides may be liable to explosive
decomposition, burn vigorously, be very
sensitive to friction or impact.
 
 CLASS 6
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Toxic substances, are substances
where you only need small amounts
in order to cause a health hazard or
even death.
Sub-Divisions
 6.1 Toxic Substances
Example : Nicotine, Cyanide,
Chloroform, Strychnine, Arsenic.
 6.2 Category A - Infectious Substances are
substances likely to contain pathogens
(bacteria, fungi, viruses) capable of
causing permanent disability, life-
threatening or fatal disease to humans or
animals.
Example: HIV(AIDS), Rabies, Ebola,
West Nile Virus.
 6.2 Category B - Biological Substances
Human or animal specimens which do not
contain pathogens in Category A fall into
Category B.
Example : Pregnancy test, doping test,
vaccines.
CLASS 7
RADIOACTIVE
SUBSTANCES
Radioactivity is a part of nature. Everything is
made of atoms. Radioactive atoms are unstable;
that is, they have too much energy. When
radioactive atoms spontaneously release their
extra energy, they are said to decay. All
radioactive atoms decay eventually, though they
do not all decay at the same rate.
The majority of Radioactive Material transported
by Air is for the medical industry, often for
treatment of cancer patients.
RADAC is a commonly used term in reference to
Radioactive Material.
There are no sub-division but we have 3

different categories depending on the power of
the RADAC.
 Category I White - The least powerful
radioactive material
Category II Yellow - Medium power
Category III Yellow - The most powerful
radioactive
Fissile - Any Category can be fissile and is then
additionally labelled
Example : Radioactive ores, Medical isotopes,
density gauges, depleted uranium, Uranium
hexafluoride.
CLASS 8  Coca-Cola concentrate (phosphoric Acid)
CORROSIVE peak over the counter at McDonald's next
time and you'll the class 8 label.
SUBSTANCES  Acid Batteries
 Drain cleaners

The main characteristics of class 8 are
that it eats trough metal and skin, thus
posing a serious risk to staff and
equipment, when a shipment gets
damaged.
 Any acid is a corrosive material but may
not be corrosive enough to be classified as
DG for transport.

Aircraft are primarily made of aluminum

which is hight sensitive to corrosive
material thus it is imperative that such
substances are packaged and handled
correctly.
CLASS 9  COMMON EXAMPLES

MISCELLANEOUS  Lithium Batteries

Flavoring extracts
DANGEROUS


 Dry Ice
GOODS  Self inflating articles
 Magnets
There is a vast mix of articles or
substances belonging to the "trash
 Cars
can"- "misfit" class (as it is also  Environmentally Hazardous DG 
called). Any substance that did
not fit the classification criteria
of class 1 to 8 but still present a
hazard during transport is
classified as class 9. It does not
be default mean that substances
belonging to class 9 are less
dangerous than any other class.
PERISHABLE
FOODS
 “Any commodity which might get spoiled after a week of proper handling and
shipping conditions”.
 Perishable commodities are those commodities which deteriorate quickly when not
stored properly. This commodities usually require refrigerated storage.
 Perishable commodities include: Dairy products such as milk , yoghurt, butter,
cheese, ice-cream, eggs, meat, seafood, live sea foods such as crabs and yabbies ,
Cooked foods and leftovers , Fruits and Vegetables.
  
SEMI-PERISHABLE
FOODS
 Semi-perishable commodities are those
that do not require refrigeration, but still
have a limited shelf life. They include
things like potatoes, onions, pumpkins and
salamis.
 These items are usually kept on shelves in
the storeroom complex, where they get
plenty of air circulation around them.
Potatoes need to be kept away from light
as they will start sprouting.
 If properly stored and handled, may
remain unspoiled for six months to about a
year.
NON-PERISHABLE
FOODS
Some commodities deteriorate so slowly that
they are called non- perishable. These items are
usually kept in the dry store where they are
kept cool and are protected from moisture
contamination. Dry goods like flour, grains and
pasta often come in bags or sacks, and are not
safe from vermin or weevils and should be
transferred to clean storage bins with tightly
fitting lids.
Examples of non-perishable goods are:
Flour, spices, canned foods, jars and bottles,
nuts, dried packet goods, noodles and pasta.
TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS
GOODS
 TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS

 All goods carriage should display a distinct mark of the class label.

 All packages should display the distinct class labels.

 In the case of packages containing goods which represent more than one hazard, such
packages should display distinct labels to indicate all the hazards.

 All goods carriage should be fitted with a techograph and a spark arrester.
 MANNER OF DISPLAY OF CLASS LABELS

 Size: < 25 mm and divided into two portions – the upper half portion for the pictorial
symbol and the lower half for the test.

 Position: at angle of 45 degrees to the vertical.

 RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONSIGNOR

1.To ensure the goods carriage has valid registration and permit and is also safe for the
transportation of goods.

2.To ensure the vehicle is equipped with necessary First-Aid, Safety equipment, tool box and
antidotes.

3.To ensure that the driver is trained to handle the transport of such hazardous materials.

4.To give the owner of the goods carriage with full information about the goods, being
transported to enable the owner and its driver for any mishap that may happen during
transport.
5.To certifying that the dangerous goods are properly packaged, classified, and
identified. The selection of containment for dangerous goods depends on number of
factors. These factors include:

 the TDG class and packing group

 size of containment (small: <450 L, or large: > 450 L)

 mode of transport (road, air, or marine)

 destination
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE TRANSPORTER OR
OWNER OF CARRIAGE

1.To ensure the goods carriage has valid registration and permit and is also safe for the
transportation of goods.

2.To ensure the vehicle is equipped with necessary First-Aid, Safety equipment, tool box and
antidotes.

3.They should satisfy themselves that the information given by the consignor is full and
accurate.

4.To ensure that the driver is trained to handle the transport of such hazardous materials.

5.Should lay down the route for each trip.

6.To ensure that the driver holds a driving licence as per provisions of Rule 9 of the Central
Motor Vehicle Rules.
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE DRIVER
1. To keep all information in writing in the form of TREM CARD (Transport Emergency
Card).

2. On the occurrence of an accident he is to report to the nearest police station and also
to the owner of the goods carriage or the transporter.
EMERGENCY INFORMATION PANEL

 The carrier should display the emergency information panel correctly.

 It should be legibly and marked in each of the three places specified.It should contain the
following information :

1.The correct technical name of the goods in letters not <50mm high.

2.The UN class number for the dangerous goods in letters not <100mm high.

3.The class label of the hazardous goods in the size of not <250mm square.

4.The name and telephone number of the emergency services in letters and
numerals that are not <50mm high and the name and telephone number of the
consignor of the dangerous or hazardous goods or of some other person expert in
handling such goods in case of emergency.
TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS ACT AND
REGULATIONS
Purpose - to promote public safety when dangerous goods are being handled, offered
for transport or transported by road, rail, air, or water.
Based on the UN recommendations on transport of dangerous goods.
The key elements :
• Training
• Classification
• Preparation of documents such as shipping papers
• Using dangerous goods safety marks to communicate hazards that the product may
pose to the public or the environment
• Selection of appropriate containment (packaging)
• Emergency response assistance plans (ERAP) if required
• Reporting incidents
 TRAINING
 The following steps must be followed in the order they are given :

 Train employees in TDG.

 Issue certificate.

 Ensure the trained person is competent enough to –

1.determine the classification of the product .

2.select the appropriate container or packaging.

3. select labels or placards for the containment and apply them on it.

4.prepare the shipping papers and any other documents such as Emergency Response
Assistance Plan (ERAP) that are required.

 Ensure the carrier has the correct shipping papers and that the truck has the correct
placards (if required) before it is loaded.
TRANSPORT OF PERISHABLE GOODS
 Transport of Perishable Goods

 Sensitive to temperature changes.

 A complicated task.

 A complex, quality system is required.

 Goods have short lifespan and are more susceptible to severe and
irreparable damage.
 Key factors are time, isolation and holding temperature.
 Most losses occur between post-harvest and product distribution.

 Important to maintain proper cold chain.

 Transportation of perishable goods is regulated by the “Agreement on the

International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special
Equipment to be used for such Carriage (ATP Treaty),” which establishes
the standards that guarantee optimal conditions for transporting foods for
consumption.
 Vehicles used
 Types of transportation vehicles used are :

1.Isothermal : have isolated walls, doors, ceiling, and floor, which limit the
exchange of heat between the exterior and the interior of the van.
 

2.Refrigerated : have a non-mechanical cold source that can reduce the interior
temperature and maintain it for an average exterior
temperature of 30ºC to -20ºC. 

3.Freezer : have a cold production mechanism to reduce the interior

temperature of the empty space and maintain it at a consistent
temperature between -12ºC and -20ºC.
 Modes of transport

 Transportation of Perishable Goods by Road

 By Truck : They have different cold systems, which may or may not be
mechanized .Ice or dry ice is often used.

 By Rail : Train cars having an isolating lining, as well as a special system for
refrigeration, loading, and unloading. Dry ice is often used.
Transportation of Perishable Goods by Air
 Best mode.

 Airport has a special area for handling perishable goods where temperature can be
controlled using refrigerated chambers and freezers. These areas have customs
inspection points that are guarded at all times by highly-qualified, specialized
personnel, which ensure that the goods are kept at the optimal temperature at all times.

 The products most commonly transported by air are:

1.Fresh products(fruit, vegetables, meats, dairy, etc.)

2.Frozen products (fruit, concentrates, fruit pulps, etc

Transportation of Perishable Goods by Ocean

 Goods are transported in refrigerated ships that are fully equipped with systems
for proper circulation of air.

 They can also ship in refrigerated containers (reefers).

 Before transporting perishable goods, a “temperature requirement sheet” is

provided to indicate the temperature at which the product must be kept in the
refrigerated container.

 The products most commonly transported by ocean are:

1.Fresh products (fruit, vegetables, meats, etc.)

2.Frozen products (fruit, concentrates, fruit pulps, meats, etc.)

 CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS
GOODS
 Dangerous goods constitute a hazard when transported, due to the
possibility that such goods may either cause accidents to persons or
damage to the means of transport or to other goods.
 As the transport of dangerous goods increases, so does the risk they pose
during transport. It is necessary to guarantee the safety of
transportation processes, given that dangerous substances pose a
significant threat not only to the environment and people, but also to
the entire transport infrastructure.
 If a substance is improperly labelled, it is not possible to determine and
rapidly apply the correct counteractant.
CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS
GOODS BY VARIOUS MODES
 SEGREGATION FROM OTHER CARGOS
 WAVE AFTER WAVE
 BUREAUCRACY
 DON’T SPILL THE WATER
 ROUTES
 BAD WEATHER
 TUNNELS
 BAD ROAD SITUATION
 INCORRECT LABELLING
 IMPROPER PACKING GROUPS
 MISDECLARATION
CHALLENGES TRANSPORT OF
PERISHABLE GOODS
 In a typical supply chain the time taken for materials to move from one
end to the other can be quite long, depending upon the type of industry.
This is usually understood and accepted when the item is not perishable.
 Perishable items, however, become decayed, damaged, expired or
deteriorate through time. Hence, the length of supply chain becomes
critical for such items.
CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORT OF
PERISHABLE GOODS
 TEMPERATURE
 GOVERNMENT RULES AND REGULATIONS
 IMPROPER PACKING
 COLD-CHAIN DOES NOT PRESERVE ENDLESSLY
 WEATHER CONDITIONS
 INADEQUATE TECHNOLOGY
 CHOOSING WRONG TRANSPORTER