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QUICK REVIEW
 Differences between basic and applied research
 Differences between Scientific and nonscientific inquiry
QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE
DICHOTOMY IN
RESEARCH
Subtitle
KWL

 What I know about qualitative and quantitative research

 What I want to know about qualitative and quantitative research
 What I learned about qualitative and quantitative research
Qualitative Study

 Is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human

problem based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words,
reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting

Quantitative Study

 Is an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a theory

composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with
statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive
generalizations of the theory hold true
Ontological: What is the nature of reality?

Qualitative Quantitative
 Reality is subjective and multiple  Reality is objective out there, and
as seen by participants in a singular, apart from the
study. It is constructed by the researcher, and can be measured
individuals involved in the objectively by using a
research situation. questionnaire or an instrument
Epistemological: What is the relationship of the researcher to
the researched?

Qualitative Quantitative
 Researcher interacts with  Researcher is independent
that being researched. from that being researched.
Axiological: What is the role of values?

Qualitative
 Value-laden and biased wherein
the researcher admits the value-
laden nature of the study and
actively reports his or her values
and biases
Quantitative
 Value-free and unbiased,
accomplished through entirely
omitting statements about values
from a written report—arguing
closely from the evidence
gathered in the study.
Rhetorical: What is the language of the research?

Qualitative
 Informal
 Evolving decisions
 Personal voice
 Accepted qualitative words—
“understanding, discover, and
meaning”
Quantitative
 Formal
 Based on set definitions
 Impersonal voice
 Use of accepted quantitative
words—” relationship,
comparison, and within-group”
Methodological: What is the process of research?

Qualitative Quantitative
 Inductive process  Deductive process
 Mutual simultaneous shaping of  Cause and effect
factors
 Static design
 Emerging design
 Context-free
 Context-bound
 Generalizations leading to prediction,
 Patterns, theories developed for
understanding
explanation and understanding

 Accurate and reliable through  Accurate and reliable through validity and
verification reliability
Some Common Contrast

Quantitative Qualitative
 Numbers  Words
 Point of view of researcher  Points of view of participants
 Researcher distant  Researcher close
 Theory testing  Theory emergent
 Static  Process
 Structured  Unstructured
 Generalization  Contextual understanding
 Hard, reliable data  Rich, deep data
 Macro  Micro
 Behavior  Meaning
 Artificial setting  Natural setting
Critique of Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Quantitative Qualitative
 Failure to distinguish people and social  Too subjective—qualitative findings rely
institutions from the world of nature too much on the researcher’s often
unsystematic views and close personal
 Artificial and spurious sense of precision relationship with the people being
and accuracy of the measurement studied
process
 Difficult to replicate- unstructured nature
 Heavy reliance on instruments and of data
procedures that hinders connection
between research and everyday life  Problems of generalizations
 Less focus on meanings of events to  Lack of transparency
individuals
IDENTIFY WHERE THE STUDY IS
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
 The correlation between height and IQ level
 Whether a plant grows faster indoors or outdoors
 Population density and environmental degradation
 A political detainee’s ordeal inside his or her prison
cell
Basic Principles of
Research Ethics
Lesson 4
Objectives:

• Explain why ethics in research is important

• Describe basic ethical principles of research
ethics in making decisions
• Describe ethical dilemmas and safeguards in
research
Ethics in research
• Refers to the standards on what is morally
right or wrong in conducting research.
(Burnham, 2004)
Ethics are Important
• Ethical issues arise at a variety of stages in social
research and these issues relate directly to the
integrity of a piece of research and of the
disciplines involved.
(Hesse-Biber 2011)
Ethical Goals
• Ensure that people participate voluntarily in the
study
• Keep people’s comments and behavior confidential
• Protect people from harm
• Ensure mutual trust between research and people
studied
Informed Consent
• Means that research subjects have the right to know
that they are being researched, the right to be informed
about the nature of the research and the right to
withdraw at any time.
What must be included in the Informed
Consent:
1. Why do you think I am suitable to take part in this research?
2. How did you get my name or find out that I was suitable for this
study?
3. Why is this study important?
4. How will this study be done?
5. What does this study involve?
6. Will this study benefit me?
7. Are there any risks or hazards involved?
8. Will people be able to find out my details because of this study?
9. What if I change my mind or don’t want to be involved?
10. Can I get a summary of findings of your research?
Some Common Ethical
Problems of Novice
Student Researchers
Plagiarism
• Includes quoting directly without acknowledging the
sources of these quotes, paraphrasing without
acknowledging the source, and constructing a
paraphrase that closely resembles the original in
language and syntax without giving credit to the
original source.
Ethical Issues
• Students begin a research project as a means of exploring or
solving topics they are personally concerned about or
involved in; use of research as a therapeutic action could
influence the outcome of the research.
• Students approach sample collection and interviewing without a
good background of safety precautions in research.
• Students seek to use family and friends for research purposes
and run into issues of confidentiality.
 FUTURE Activity
• Title of Research
• Student Researcher’s Name
• Purpose of the Study
• Procedures
• Confidentiality
• Note about voluntary nature of participation
• Note about risk and benefits of the study
• Note about inquiries from research participants
• Participant’s agreement statement

I have read and understood the information about the study and my participation in
the study. I voluntarily agree to participate in this study.
Date
• Note on instructions on how to communicate a participant’s informed
consent to participate in the study.