Education

Prepared by:
Usha Kiran Poudel
2077
 Continue…

The word education comes from:

a. Latin word
b. Greek word
c. Germany word
d. French word
 Meaning of education
• Education is a latin word.
• Educere which means to lead out or to draw
out suggestively from darkness to light.
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When considering philosophy of education,

John Dewey was a proponent of:
a. Existentialism
b. Pragmatism
c. Idealism
d. Realism
 Continue…
Which philosophical thought states that
ultimate reality is spiritual?
a. . Idealism
b. . Realism
c. . Pragmatism
d. . Constructivism
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Learning content is completely determined by

participants who assess own needs and
identify solution in:
a. Formal education
b. Non-formal education
c. Informal education
d. Distance learning
 Meaning of Education

• The term education has been originated from

the Latin word Educatum; which means the
“act of teaching and training.”
• Educare, which means to bring up, to train ,
to nourish.
• Educere, meaning to lead out. While the
two meanings are quite different, they are
both represented in the word "education."
 Cont….
• Narrower meaning: A process for certain
periods from schooling to colleges through
fixed time, fixed curriculum, fixed classes,
fixed subjects for degree or certificate.
• Wider meaning: it goes on throughout the life
from birth till death
 Definition of Education

• According to Pestalozzi, “education is the

natural, harmonious and progressive
development of man’s innate powers.”
• As per John Deway, “education is the
development of all those capabilities in the
individual which will enable him to control his
environment and fulfill his possibilities”.
 Example question
• Education planned with a particular end in
view is:
a. Formal education
b. Informal education
c. non-formal education
d. distance education
 Example question
What is called education acquired without any
specific purpose, fixed period and place?
• (a) Indirect Education
• (b) Individual Education
• (c) Informal Education
• (d) Formal Education.
 Example question
• What are the three components of the
educational process?
• (a) Education, teacher and books
• (b) Teacher, student and education
• (c) Teaching, learning and practice
• (d) Direction, instruction and skill.
• Option b is the right answer
 Types of Education

• Informal education
• Formal education
• Non formal education
 Example question
• Informal education is:
a. Just schooling
b. Time bound
c. Life long
d. Preplanned
 Example question
a.  Family is a means of:
a. Informal education
b. Formal education
c. Non-formal education
d.  Distance education
•  Which of the following statements is
correct?
• (a) Education is an art
• (b) Education is a science
• (c) It is neither an art nor science
• (d) To some extent it is art and to some extent
it is science.
 Informal Education Highlights

• Incidental and spontaneous

• Not-pre-planned.
• Not imparted by any specialized agency.
• No prescribed time-table or curriculum.
 Formal Education Highlights

•  Planned with a particular end in view.

•  Limited to a specific period.
•  Well-defined and systematic curriculum
•  Given by specially qualified teachers.
• Includes activities outside the classroom
•  Observes strict discipline.
 Non Formal Education
• Non formal education adopts a midway between
formal and informal types of education. The
characteristic of non formal education are:
• Very flexible without rigid rules, regulations and
fixed time frame.
• Systematically planned, organized and
implemented.
• Integrated with the life and work of the learners and
• Designed to meet the learning needs of different
categories in the society.
 Non-Formal Education Highlights

•  Derived from the expression 'formal education.

• Outside the realm of formal education.
•  Conscious and deliberate.
•  To be organized for a homogeneous group.
•  Serving the need of the identified group.
 Formal Non formal Informal
Teacher student Pre-established Equal partnership among Learning may take
dynamic hierarchy facilitator and participants place individually.

Environment Classroom Learning setting is more Learning may occur in

casual any environment

Content Determined by Participants actively identify Determined

teacher learning needs and methods, completely by
guided by facilitator participants who
assess own needs and
identify solution

T/learning Primarily Primarily participatory Completely

methods lecture technique participatory

Evaluation Formal test Formal test are Learning is practical

supplemented with students and related to real
application of learning with needs, applied in lives
in the community of people within the
community
 Characteristics of Education

• Education is a purposeful activity:

• Education is a deliberate process:
• Education is a planned activity based on
objectives
• Educative process is influenced by the society,
social change and technological advancements
 Chief Characteristics of Education
• A bipolar as well as tripolar process.
• A child centered process
• A deliberate as well as informal process
• A psychological process
• A sociological process
• A life long process
• More than instruction and teaching
• More than giving information
• Developing knowledge, skills and attitude
 Functions of Education

• To complete the socialization process

• To transmit the cultural heritage
• Formation of social personality
• Self-realization
• What is Philosophy?
 Philosophy of education

• Philosophy is a Greek word composed of two

words:
• Philos- love of or search for
• Sophia-wisdom or knowledge
• The word Philosophy means love of wisdom
or search for knowledge.
 Meaning
• It is a belief, construct, specification about
nature and value of things.
• It helps to know the truth about man and his
nature by finding answers to questions like
• what is nature?
• What is life?
• What is the destiny of man?
• What is the ultimate truth?
• Philosophy is the mother of education and
education gives birth to Philosophy.
• This may seem contradictory but the
relationship between philosophy and education
is very close.
• Philosophy furnishes the goals of life and
education gives the means to achieve those
goals.
 Cont…
• Man is the common subject of both
philosophy and education.
• Philosophy and education are interrelated,
interdependent, identical and inseparable
from each other.
• Every philosopher has an educational outlook
and every educator has a philosophy of life.
 Philosophy of Education

• Idealism
• Naturalism
• Realism
• Pragmatism
 Example question
Which philosophy has emphasized the child-
centered methods of education?
• A. Naturalism
• B. Pragmatism
• C. Idealism
• D. Realism
 Example question
Which philosophy stated that the method of
teaching must be teacher-centered?
• A. Naturalism
• B. Pragmatism
• C. Idealism
• D. Realism
 Example question
Which philosophical thought lays stress on
problematic and creative activities and it
advocates project method for effective learning?
• A. Naturalist
• B. Pragmatism
• C. Idealism
• D. Realism
 Idealism
• It is the oldest philosophy
• Plato is the father of idealism
• It gives more importance to mind and self
• It believes that the purpose of life is to know
the ultimate truth
• Plato clamed that ultimate reality consist of
ideas
• It believes God creates the entire world
 Cont…
• Man, being the spiritual, is a supreme creation
of the God.
• The aim of education is self realization,
development of inventive and creative power;
conservation, promotion and transition of
cultural heritage, development of moral sense,
cultivation of spiritual value.
 Cont…

• Knowledge is inherent in man, no knowledge

comes from outside, it is all inside”.
• The implication that idealism has on education
is that education should help man in self
realization by unfolding his divineness through
self-consciousness.
 Naturalism

• Rousseau and Aristotle have been the

proponent of naturalism.
• It is concerned with natural self and believes
that reality and nature are identical and beyond
nature there is no reality.
• Nature is every thing and nothing exist
superior than nature so they separate nature
from God and no place for spiritualism.
 Cont…

• According to naturalists the material and the

physical world is governed by certain laws,
and man, who is the creator of the material
world
 Cont…

• The naturalists view the world that we live in

is made up of the matters, and believe that the
material world, the world of nature, is the real
world.
• It focuses on child centered education
• Education as the natural development of the
child’s power and capabilities.
 Cont…

• The aim of education is self expression, self

preservation, struggle for existence.
• Learning takes place by play way method,
observation and experiment and self effort.
 Realism

• Realism believes in the world as it is.

• It believes that truth is what we sense and
observe and that goodness is found in the
order of the laws of nature.
• Aristotle, a Greek philosopher is generally
recognized as the father of realism.
 Cont…

• According to Realism the external world of

objects is not imaginary. It really exists, "Our
experience is not independent but determines
reaction to the external objects. Experiences
are influenced by the external world which has
real existence.”
• Realism believes that all knowledge is derived
from experience
 Cont…

• The realist believes that the physical universe

is operated by natural laws.
• There is no absolute antagonism between
realism and religion, though many realists hold
the view that religion is merely manmade and
there is no god.
 Cont…

• Worldly realities of everyday life are true.

• It does not believe in the existence of any
absolute truth.
• It accepts only sensory experience of the external
world as real.
• It looks at man like a physical being controlled by
rules and laws.
• Real knowledge is obtained by analyzing and
experiencing sensation.
 Cont…

• Teacher should have lots of content and aware

about the needs of the children.
• He must have full mastery of the knowledge
of present life
 Pragmatism

• Also known as “down to earth philosophy”, “

cash value philosophy”, “utilitarian
philosophy”, and “ Practical philosophy”
• Philosophy of pragmatism determines the
meaning and truth of all concepts and tests it
validity by its practical results.
• Experience is central here.
 Cont…
• Places special emphasis on the value of :
• Experimentation( learning by doing)
• Utility of education
• Problem solving

• Concerned with actual practice or action rather than

theory.
• Focus on utility
• Idea is due to action ,nothing more. Ideas should be
tested by acting on them.
 Cont…

• Major authors:
– John Dewey
– William James –
– George H. Mead
 Cont…

• It emphasized the teaching method as

Learning by doing:
– Don’t favour old method of teaching
– Experimenting with new methods
– Encourage learning through self effort
– Knowledge is not obtained through books
but by actually doing things
 Cont…

• According to Dewey , “Teacher is not the authoritarian

but the facilitator who encourages and offers
suggestions, questions and helps plan and implement
courses of study.
• He clamed that, education is not a preparation for life;
education is life itself

• The essence of education is to create the right

environment in which the learner finds solution to his
problems.
 Example question
Distribute to the respondents to fill by
themselves, it is also known as paper and
pencil is:
• a. Questionnaire
• b. Interview
• c. Focus group discussion
• d. Observation
 Example question
Subjective bias may be introduced in the
methods of data collection:
a. Questionnaire
b. Interview
c. Survey
d. Observation by using check list
 Example question
Which of the following is least likely to be
maintained in interview?
a. Validity
b. Anonymity
c. Confidentiality
d. Privacy
 Learning needs assessment
• A needs assessment is a systematic approach to
studying the state of knowledge, ability, interest, or
attitude of a defined audience or group involving a
particular subject.
• A needs assessment provides a method to learn what
has already been done and what gaps in learning
remain.
 Cont….

• Needs assessment data allows the investigator

to describe the “gap” between what exists and
what is needed.
 Data Collection
• Data : Information needed to answer
questions.
• Data collection: collection of information is
data collection. Methods of data collection
depends upon the nature of data to be
collected such as facts, knowledge, attitude,
feeling, judgment, psychomotor skill etc.
depending open the nature of the problem.
 Cont…
• Instrument : Tool or equipment used to
collect data is instrument e.g. questionnaire,
interview schedule etc. nature of data to be
collected determines the type and number of
instruments to be used. The instruments used
also must be valid and reliable.
 Data Collection Methods
• Observation
• Questionnaire
• Interview
• Focus group discussion
 Observation
• Observation means systematically selecting,
watching and recording the behaviour or
characteristic of people, object or
phenomenon.
• It is a basic and direct method of collecting
data.
• It involves collection of data through
occurrence that can be observed visually. It
requires someone to observed and something
to observed.
 Cont…
• Observation can be made on human behavior
(e. g. hand washing technique, brushing
technique, isolation technique etc.) or on
objects (e.g. presence of piped water, refusal
disposal system, latrine etc.)
• Observation tends to be subjective as the
observer’s perception/bias may be introduced.
• The observer must know what to observe and
how to observe to ensure consistency in
measuring the variables in all participants.
 Cont…

• Training of observers for inter-observer

reliability may be needed if more than one
observer is used in a study.
 Types of Observation

• Unstructured or structured
• Non-participant or participant
Un-structured or Structured Observation
• Unstructured observation involves spontaneous
observation and recording of the behaviour (what is
seen) with a minimum of prior planning.
• It gives freedom to the observer. So possesses the risk
of loss of objectivity and problem of remembering all
details of the observed event.
• So observation note need to be taken during the
observation or as soon as possible after the
observation. Video taping of the observed event and
extensive examination at a later date is a possible
solution.
 Cont…
• In unstructured observation, the observer
observes all aspects of the phenomenon that
seem relevant.
• It is appropriate when the problem has yet to be
formulated precisely and flexibility is needed
in observation to identify key components of the
problem.
• The potential for bias is high. Observation
findings should be tested rather than as
conclusive findings.
 Un-structured or Structured Observation

• In structured observation, the investigator

specifies in detail what is to be observed and
how the measurements are to be recorded.
• Structured observation involves use of pre-
determined criteria for checking the
behaviour.
• It is appropriate when the problem is clearly
defined and the information needed is
specified.
 Non-participant or Participant
Observation
• In the non-participant observation the observer
watches the situation but does not participate.
• The observer does not normally question or
communicate with the people being observed.
• In participant observation the observer observes as
well as takes part in the situation being
observed. So, the observer becomes a part of the
group to be observed.
Instruments Used in Observation
• Checklist: a checklist is an instrument used for
indicating the presence or absence of the
behavior. Behavior other than those in the
checklist are ignored. Checklist is an objective
type of tool but give less categories of data for
analysis than the rating scale.
example of checklist item:
• Rinsed hands with water yes/no
• Applied soap in hands yes/no
Example of check list
 Cont…
• Rating scale: it allows the observer to rate the
behavior or event on a scale. It provides more
descriptive information for analysis than by a
checklist. But rating scale tends to be more
subjective and observer’s bias may be introduced in
rating the performance.
Example of rating scale item:
Performance of the health teaching
poor/fair/good/very good/excellent
Showing concern to the patient
poor/fair/good/very good/excellent
Example of rating scale
Example of rating scale
 Questionnaire
• Questionnaire is a common method of collecting data.
• It is consisting of a series of question.
• Questionnaire are meant to distribute to the
respondents to fill by themselves so it is also known as
paper and pencil or self-administered instrument.
• Questionnaire may be directly distributed to the
respondents (as in the classroom) or may need to be
mailed to respondents who live in a large
geographical area where handling of questionnaire to
respondents may be time consuming and costly
 Types of Questions

• Structured/closed
• Semi-structured/semi-open or
• Unstructured/open
e.g
Do you perform exercise?
a) yes
b) No
If yes, when do you perform exercise?
a) in the morning
b) in the evening
c) others please specify……………………….
What types of exercise do you perform daily?
…………………………………………………………………….
 Types of Structured Questions
• Dichotomous
• Nominal-polytomous, where the respondent has
more than two unordered options. (multiple
choice)
• Ordinal-polytomous, where the respondent has
more than two ordered options.(fair/good/very
good)
• Continuous, where the respondent’s data is
presented in a continuous scale.(height,weight)
• Polytomous multiple choices
 Merits of Questionnaire
• It is relatively simple method of data collection
• Need not spend time for asking questions and
writing responses as in the interview
• Can gather data from a widely scattered
population
• Respondent can remain anonymous so useful
for collecting information about sensitive
issues such as sexual relationship, family
disharmony
 Demerits of Questionnaire
• Only useful to literate people so that illiterate
people can not be participants
• Does not have opportunity to interact with
respondents
• While keeping respondents anonymous, it is
impossible to know who returned the
questionnaire in case follow up is needed.
• Requires larger sample size as return rate
may be low
 Cont…
• Respondents may misunderstand the
questions
• Respondents may omit certain items without
giving any explanation. So data from the
questionnaire may be incomplete
• Amount of information depends on
respondents interest and time
 Interview
• Interview is collecting data in a face to face
situation where the interviewer ask questions
to the respondent and records the respondent’s
responses. It is also a common technique of
data collection. Interview schedule is the
instrument for it.
• Interview schedule and questionnaire are
similar instruments in that both require
factual or recall or giving opinion.
 Cont….
• Like questionnaire, the interview schedule
may be structured, semi-structured or
unstructured.
• The same procedure as in the questionnaire is
used in the construction of an interview
schedule.
 Merits of Interview Schedule
• Possible to obtain a high response rate
• Probing is easier
• Clarification of questions is possible
• Verbal and non verbal clues can be observed
• Less time consuming for the interviewee
• Higher chances of all questions being
answered
 Demerits of Interview Schedule
• Time consuming for the interviewer
• Anonymity can not be maintained. So that
interviewee may not feel free to express
opinion to the interviewer
• Training of data collection is needed for
consistency in data collection
• Interviewer’s subjective bias may be
introduced.
Focus Group Discussion
 Focus Group Discussion
• A focus group discussion (FGD) is a
discussion conducted by a trained moderator
in a non-structured questions with a small
group of participants.
• FGD consists of 6 to 12 persons guided by a
facilitator who discuss on a given topic. The
facilitator leads the discussion.
• FGD should last for not more than one and
half hour
 Cont…
• FGD enables to gain insights by listening to a
group of people who discuss on specific
issues of interest.
Wow, got the in-depth
information
 Conducting a FGD
Preparation for FGD
• Recruitment of participants: homogenous
group. They are invited 1-2 days before and
general purpose of the FGD explained.
• Physical arrangement: comfortable sitting &
arrange in a way that promotes interaction e.g.
in a circle, quite, adequate lighted and neutral
place to encourage free expression of views
 Cont…
• Discussion guide: a written guide consisting of a list
of topics to be covered should be prepared in the form
of open-ended questions

Conducting the session

• One investigation team member should act as the
facilitator and another as recorder
• Facilitator initiates and stimulates the discussion and
help to keep the discussion on track.
• Recorder gets seated at the backside and records the
discussion
 Role of the Facilitator
• Welcome the participants
• Introduce self as facilitator, introduce by
themselves
• Explain the purpose of FGD and nature of
information needed, and use of the information
• Take permission to use a tape recorder
• Encourage free expression by saying that there
is no right or wrong answer
 Cont…
• React neutrally to both verbal and non-verbal
responses
• Ask for clarification as needed
• Do not act as expert as the purpose is not to
educate or teach them
• Be non- judgmental i.e. do not make comment on
what is being said by the participants
• Control the discussion: listen carefully and move
the discussion from topic to topic as per time
allocation.
 Cont…

• Summarize the discussion: summarize the

main topic discussed, the main issues brought
up, check with participants for agreement
• Thank the participants
 Role of Recorder
• Recording verbal as well as non-verbal
information
• Record date, time and place of FGD, name and
characteristics of the participants
• Note down the general description of group
dynamics, level of participation, presence of
dominant participant, level of interest
• Record the opinion of participants
• Note down the emotional aspects such as
reluctance, strong feelings etc.
Strengths and limitation of FGD
Strengths
• Can produce bulk of information in a relatively
short time and at a less cost than individual
interviews.
• Are useful method for obtaining information
from illiterate people.
• Are usually well accepted by the community as
it is a method of communication used in most
communities.
 Cont…
Limitations
• FGD can reveal a range of opinion, ideas and
attitudes but not their distribution. So
information obtained from a FGD cannot be
used to make statement/generalization about
the wider community.
• Participants can often agree with responses
from fellow group members rather than giving
their own opinion so the result should be
interpreted carefully.