LESSON 2 PARADIGM SHIFT: FROM TEACHER-CENTERED TO LEARNER- CENTERED

TEACHING

ESSENTIALISM

Application

Describe/present the concept of individual needs by means of the following (choose only one).

 Song

 Poem

 Jingle

 Slide presentation

ANSWER:

“NEEDS”

All of us are different.

You and me are not the same.

I have my likes and dislikes.

And I think it’s fine.

You like yellow and I like pink,

So, think before you speak.

May you not judge me

Because me is me.

Always choose understanding,

Instead of judging.

Always choose to care.

At least with that let’s be the same.

All of us are different.

You and me are not the same.

I have my likes and dislikes.

And I think it’s fine

 Reflection/analysis

Essentialism tries to instill all students with the most essential or necessary academic knowledge, skills
and character development. Essentialists argue that classrooms should be teacher-oriented. The teacher
should serve as an intellectual and moral role model for the students.

ANSWER:

I learned that essentialist educators emphasize the transmission of a series of increasingly

difficult concepts and the advancement of students to the next grade or level. They organized the
subjects chronologically to provide a thorough understanding of the present day, with a focus on the
historical context of the material world and culture. Reading, writing, arithmetic, science, history,
foreign language, and technology are all emphasized in this ideology. Lectures, memorization,
repetition, practice, and assessment are some of the strategies available.

PERENNIALISM

Application

Supply the information needed in each frame.

ANSWER:

Goals/principle of Essentialism Goals/principle of Perennialism

 Essentialists argue that classrooms  Perennialists are primarily concerned

should be teacher-oriented.
 Essentialism is a relatively conservative
stance to education that strives to teach
students the knowledge of a society and
civilization through a core curriculum.
 The role of the teacher as the
 leader of the classroom is a fundamental
tenet of Educational essentialism. The
teacher is the center of the classroom, so
they should be rigid and disciplinary.
 Essentialists believe that teachers should
try to embed traditional moral values and
virtues such as respect for authority,
perseverance, fidelity to duty,
consideration for others, and practicality
and intellectual knowledge that students
need to become model citizens.
with the importance of mastery of the
contents and development of reasoning
skills.
 Perennialists believe that the focus of
education should be the ideas that have
lasted over centuries.
 Perennialists classrooms are also
centered on teachers to accomplish these
goals.
 The Perennialists curriculum is universal
and is based on their view that all human
beings possess the same essential nature.
 Perennialists think it is important that
individuals think deeply, analytically,
flexibly, and imaginatively.
 Disapprove of teachers requiring
students to absorb massive amounts of
disconnected information. They
recommend that schools spend more
time teaching about concepts and
explaining they are meaningful to
students
Reflection/ analysis

As you compare Essentialism to Perennialism, what are the things you have learned from it? Write your
answer in an essay form.

ANSWER:

Based on my understanding, essentialism is a theory of education that aims to ensure that pupils
acquire a common core of information in a methodical and disciplined manner. Perennialism, on the
other hand, is an educational philosophy that maintains that the things that are of eternal relevance to
all people everywhere should be taught.

Analysis

Discussion questions:

1. In what ways you and your groupmates have the same way of progressing in their education?

2. In what ways you and your groupmates differ in the way of progressing in their education?

3. What other things can you do to have a progressive education?

ANSWER:
The things I can do to have a progressive learning I will find a way where I can learn
more comfortably. I can social to other people and learn with them or I can learn on my own. I
will find a way where I can learn easily.
 What is progressivism?

Application

1. Think of a topic related to your field of specialization.

Progressivism Principles What I will do to teach the topic

•  Educate the “whole child”—that is, to attend
to physical, emotional, and intellectual
growth.
• Learning is rooted in the questions of
learners that arise through experiencing the
world.
• Believe that individuality, progress, and
change are fundamental to one’s education.
• Assessment by evaluation of child’s projects and
productions.
• Selection of subject content by looking forward to
asking what skills will be needed in the future
society
• Emphasize learning by doing – hands-on projects,
expeditionary learning, experiential learning.

2. Indicate how you can apply progressivism to your students to construct their understanding of
the topic.

Reflection/analysis

Progress, and change are fundamental to one's education. Believing that people learn best from what
they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on students’ needs,
experiences, interests, and abilities.

ANSWER:

I realized that individuality, growth, and change, are essential components of education.
Progressivists base their curricula on students' needs, experiences, interests, and talents, believing that
people learn best from what they find most relevant to their life. Also, the term "progressivism" is
important because it refers to a way of thinking that emphasizes societal progress. It's a philosophical
and political movement at the same time. The view that human society is improving over time is known
as progress.
HUMANISM

Analysis

Answer this activity … I think HUMANISM is _.

ANSWER:

is the concept that human wants and values are more important than religious beliefs, as well as
human demands and desires. The concept that each person develops their own set of ethics is an
example of humanism.

Application

After reading this lesson, go back to your group and do the activity?

1. List down at least five ideas you have learned.

2. What ideas you and groupmate have in common?

3. What ideas each one of you differ?

ANSWER:

3.

1. Self-concept

2. Progress

3. Self-development

4. Self-motivation

5. Independence

Analysis

Answer this activity …

HUMANISM is _.

ANSWER:

HUMANISM is the concept that human wants and values are more important than religious beliefs, as
well as human demands and desires. The concept that each person develops their own set of ethics is an
example of humanism.
Reflection/analysis

Humanism is a paradigm / philosophy / pedagogical approach that believes learning is viewed as a

personal act to fulfill one’s potential.

ANSWER:

I learned that in the learning process, humanistic teachers think that information and
sentiments go hand in hand. Humanistic learning requires both cognitive and emotive learning. Lessons
and activities should be designed to address the full learner, including their intellect and feelings, rather
than just one or the other. A secure learning environment is essential.

CONSTRUCTIVISM

Analysis

What do you think the quotation meant? What two kinds of teaching are being referred to? Explain your
answer.

ANSWER:

“Teaching is not all about learning, it is also about doing” I think this quote means that we can
also learn from ourselves. We can’t always depend on our teacher because we can also learn from our
experiences and own discoveries. The two kinds of teaching are being referred to individual
constructivism and social constructivism. individual constructivism. I individual constructivism is a child-
centered and discovery learning are preferred by supporters of this approach. They think that rather
than receiving direct teaching from the teacher, students should be permitted to discover new things on
their own. In contrast, social constructivism is first shared with others. As a result, knowledge is
constructed collaboratively by two or more people. The ability to connect and share among learners,
helps form and refine their ideas. Individual knowledge construction gives way to societal knowledge
construction.

Application

Create a situation where you can apply the constructivism theory. As much as possible situations are
located inside the classroom. Explain your answer why this situation happens.

ANSWER:

There are two students in grade two. They have math class. The teacher said the topic they are
going to discuss is about adding and subtracting. The student 1 excels in addition while the student 2 is
good in subtracting. The student 1 asked student 2 if she can help her in addition and the student 2
responded “sure but promise me that you will help me too in subtraction” and then student 1 agreed.

This is the example of social constructivism because both students share their knowledge and
they help each other as a team.
Reflection/analysis

Constructivist classroom is solving problems. Students use inquiry methods to ask questions, investigate
a topic, and use a variety of resources to find solutions and answers. As students explore the topic, they
draw conclusions, and, as exploration continues, they revisit those conclusions.

ANSWER:

Constructivist classroom allow students to educate one another in groups. Students ask their
specific questions and do study and direct observation to come up with answers. To respond to the
questions, they give their supporting evidence.