A Final-Submission Presentation on

Design of an Efficient CZTS Based Solar Cell by

Optimizing Buffer layer using Simulation Technique

Presented by
Kuldip Kannaujiya
M.Tech (Digital System)
(2019043112)

Under the Supervision of : Dr. Pooja Lohia

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P. INDIA-273010
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Brief outline of Presentation

• Introduction
• Literature Survey
• Methodology
• Motivation
• Objective
• Proposed Design-1
• Principle
• Result and Discussion
• Conclusion
• Proposed Design-2
• Device Structure
• Results and discussion
• Conclusion
• List of Publications
• References
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

INTRODUCTION
The ubiquity of solar energy increases the demand for the use of solar power in

daily life.

The thin film solar cells are known for their low material consumption, which

results in low-cost manufacturing process for the module production.

The CZTS band gap is varied from 1.0 eV to 1.5 eV, the band gap is changing

selenium to Sulphur ratio during their synthesis by applying different material.

CZTS is a direct band gap material having absorption coefficient value to be >

104 cm-1.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

PRINCIPLE
 Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy into electrical energy.

 The first-generation solar cell has single crystalline Si and GaAs

having a high cost, but efficiency obtained is also very high.

 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

GENERATIONS OF SOLAR CELL

Second Generation (1970s)

• Thin Film Technologies
• CIGS, CdTe, CZTS
Third Generation (2000s)
• Organic Solar cells
• Dye sensitized Solar Cells
• Tandem Solar Cells
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

LITERATURE SURVEY
Year Author Work technique Outcomes
2018, M. M. This work investigates the effect of The highest efficiency reported is 14.4%
International Rahaman et dark current components on CZTS while the fill factor is between 0.6 and
Conference on al based thin film solar cell 0.7
Informatics, performance.
Electronics &
Vision (ICIEV) [1]

Paper [2] F. A. Jhuma, CdS buffer layer doped with different • Highest efficiency=17.35% for Cu-
2019 M. J. Rashid material i.e. silver, copper, chlorine doped and Cl-doped CdS and Ag-
have been used and their thickness doped CdS eta = 13.61%.
and doping concentration are varied. • Optimum carrier concentration for
Ag-doped Cu-doped and Cl-doped
are 1015 , 1016 and 1018 cm-3.
• Optimum Thickness=50 nm.

2019 Farjana Akt The buffer layer thickness for all Among them the CdS buffer layer used
The Springer[3] er Jhuma, these three types was found 50 nm in the CZTS solar cell exhibited higher
et.al to obtain high efficiency CZTS solar efficiency (11.20%).
cell.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

LITERATURE SURVEY
Year Author Work technique Outcomes
Paper [4] S. Tripathi, Sadanand, CdS/In2S3 and CdS/ZnS hybrid • Highest efficiency=16.52% for
2020 P. Lohia, D. K. Dwivedi buffer layers are used with varying CdS/In2S3 at 40 nm thickness.
thickness of buffer each layer . • Highest efficiency=15.81% for
CdS/ZnS at 40 nm thickness.
Paper [5] S. Yasin ,Z. A. Waar, T. Thickness of different buffer layers • Increased operating temperature
2020 A. Zoubi (CdS, CdSe and CdTe) , thickness of has caused decreasing efficiency.
absorber layer (CZTS) and operating • Optimum values are 1) 50 nm
temperature are varied. buffer layer 2) 2000 nm absorber
layer and 3) operating temp. of
300K, highest efficiencies in case
of :
• CdS= 28.41%
• CdSe=28.32 %
• CdTe=28.43%
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

METHODOLOGY
• SCAPS is a one-dimensional
solar cell simulation program Poisson's Equation for electrons
developed at the department of and holes:
Electronics and Information
Systems (ELIS) of the
University of Gent, Belgium. It Continuity Equation for electrons and
is used to simulate up to 7 holes:
layers of solar cell.
• It also has a very flexible
plotting program that user can
use to generate output plot
such as:
1. I-V curves.
2. C-V curves.
3. C-F curves.
4. Q.E(IPCE).
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

MOTIVATION
 Global markets are looking for low-cost material that satisfy solar cell
requirements.

 Renewables avoid the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves and will empower
future generations to deal with the environmental impact of over-dependence on
fossil fuels.

 CZTS semiconducting materials offer a clear path for new product development
and high technological application due to their unique properties.

 Raw materials are about five times cheaper than those for CIGS, and estimates of
global material reserves (for Cu, Sn, Zn and S) suggest we could produce enough
energy to power the world with only 0.1% of the available raw material resources

 However, much effort is still needed to have these CZTSs for commercial uses.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

OBJECTIVE

 To find out the theoretical efficiency limit for the efficient selected absorbers

through simulation.

 Simulation results for PN heterojunction solar cell and its study.

 To find out the Buffer layer (n-type) conditions for optimizing the efficiency.

 To find out the p-type/n-type heterojunction solar cell efficiency through

simulation.

 To check junctions, I-V curve for the efficiency of solar cell.

 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Proposed Design-1
 To achieve the desired structure different types of physical
LIGHT
properties of the layers are adjusted.

 The schematic cell structure is shown in Figure 1.

 The cell is consist of Glass/Mo/CZTS/Ag:CdS/Al:CdS/

Cu:CdS.

Similar study has been performed by Farjana et al. while we have designed
different structure with improved performance [1]
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Result & Discussion

Ag-doped CdS buffer layer

1 2

Cl-doped CdS buffer layer

3 4
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Result & Discussion

Cu-doped CdS buffer layer
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Result & Discussion

Series resistance

1 2

Shunt Resistance

4
3
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Result & Discussion

Carrier
Name of
Layers concentrati Voc (V) Jsc (mA/cm2) FF (%) PCE (%)
on
5×1017 1.1762 19.055047 81.47 18.26
AG-Doped 25.584827 52.23 13.61
CdS 7×1015 0.9207 Ref. [1] Ref. [1] Ref. [1]
Ref. [1] Ref. [1]

5×1016 1.1758 19.061947 81.41 18.25

Cu-Doped 24.79740 87.86 17.35
CdS 3×1016 1.2091 Ref. [1] Ref. [1] Ref. [1]
Ref. [1] Ref. [1]

1×1017 1.1759 19.060464 81.44 18.25

Cl-doped
CdS 1.0738
Ref. [1] 25.233207 64.05 17.35
3×10 18
Ref. [1] Ref. [1] Ref. [1]
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

CONCLUSION
 The proposed CZTS solar cell structure shows better performance in terms of efficiency & fill factor over

the previously studied structure by various research workers.

 From this study we have concluded that this could be good alternative for obtaining better solar cell

performance.

 Carrier concentration and series and shunt resistance has been varied to obtain optimized result solar

cell.

 The highest PCE of 18.26% has been obtained by removing ZnO and MoS 2 Layers in reported cell.

 It has been observed that approx. 1 % efficiency has been enhanced with compact structure and less

manufacturing cost.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Proposed Design-2

Fig. Schematic device structure of hybrid buffer layer solar cell.

 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

DEVICE STRUCTURE

 The structure involves the CZTS as a p-type absorber layer, CdS/ZnS as an n-type buffer

material, and ITO as a window layer .

 In this work, the parameters of different layers have been taken from experimental works and

literature.

 Further work is focused to increase the efficiency of non-toxic CZTS solar cell.

 To reduce the thickness of the CdS layer, CZTS with hybrid buffer layer has been optimized in

the present work.

 Cd free ZnS material has been taken with the CdS layer.

 the help of this hybrid buffer structure we will able to get higher or equal value of efficiency with

the 40 nm thin CdS layer.

 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

 In this present work optimization of the device structure has been performed.

 The transportation of photo- generated carriers is governed by the band alignment

between the layers.

 The Band alignment of proposed hybrid solar device structure Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnS/ITO

is studied in the present work.

 the variation of different physical parameters of materials such as by varying the buffer

thickness, quantum efficiency and Energy band have been added with good explanation.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Band diagram of CdS/ ZnS hybrid buffer layer

 The CdS/ZnS hetro-interface can be defined The difference of electron affinities

value of CdS and ZnS is 0.3 eV.

 The bottom of CB will bend downward by 0.3 eV from CdS to ZnS.

 The bandgap of ZnS is 3.2 eV while CdS have 2.4 eV bandgap value.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Effect of thickness of hybrid buffer Layer

 By numerical analysis, the effect of variation of the
thickness of hybrid buffer layer on photovoltaic
parameters has been observed.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Effect of thickness of hybrid buffer Layer

 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

Quantum efficiency

The percentage of the carrier concentration travelling through the

external load to the number of incoming photons on the photovoltaic
cell is known as quantum efficiency.

The comparison between simulated work and proposed work.

 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

RESULT
• The comparison of different structure show in the table.

Jsc FF Efficiency Reference

PV/ Parameter Voc (mV) (%) (%)
(mA/cm2)
CZTS/CdS(40nm)/ZnS(40nm)/ZnO: Al 25.31 0.98 63.2 15.81 [2]

CZTS/Ag-doped CdS/ITO Proposed

19.0550 work
1.1762 81.47 18.26
4

CZTS/CdS(40nm)/ZnS(40nm)/ITO 27.88952 1.OO57 82.09 23.02 Proposed

6 work
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

CONCLUSION
 This work has focused on the numerical modelling of earth abundant and cost-effective CZTS solar cell.

 It is done simulation-based optimization for improving the performance of solar cells utilising a hybrid

buffer layer.

 To reduce the thickness of toxic CdS layer and enhance the performance of CZTS is the major point of this

work.

 The insertion of a ZnS buffer with the CdS layer was done to lower the thickness of the harmful CdS layer,

and increased efficiency was achieved with 40 nm thickness for CdS/ZnS layer 23.02 % was achieved.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] Kuldip Kannaujiya, Sadanand, Pooja Lohia, D.K Dwivedi, “Optimization of
Buffer Layer for Enhancement of the Photovoltaic performance”,(Accepted)
International Conference on Modern Approaches in Engineering, Science and
Management (MAESM-2021), Volume 8, Issue 1, Journal of Microcontroller
Engg. And Applications.

[2] Kuldip Kannaujiya, Sadanand, Pooja Lohia, D.K Dwivedi, “Simulation

Engineering of CZTS Based Solar Cell”, (Acceptance for presentation)
International conference on VLSI &Microwave and wireless Technologies
(ICVMWT-2021).
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

REFERENCES
1. Jhuma, F.A., Shaily, M.Z. & Rashid, M.J. Towards high-efficiency CZTS solar cell through buffer layer
optimization. Mater Renew Sustain Energy 8, 6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-019-0144-1.
2. Swati Tripathia, Sadananda, Pooja Lohiab, D.K. Dwivedia, ⁎ , Contribution to sustainable and environmental friendly
non-toxic CZTS solar cell with an innovative hybrid buffer layer, Article  in  Solar Energy · July 2020 DOI:
10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.033.
3. Dwivedi, D. K., Fahad A. Alharthi, and Adel El Marghany. "One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cu2ZnSn (S, Se) 4
Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Properties." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 12, no. 3, pp. 338-344,
2020.
4. Safe, H.H.A., Hossain, M., Naseem, H., Brown, W., Dhafri, A.A. " Chlorine-doped CdS thin flms from CdCl2-mixed
CdS powder. " J. Electron. Mater, Vol. 33(2), pp. 128–134, 2004.
5. Islam, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Aliyu, M.M., Yusuf Sulaiman, T., Razykov, K., Sopian, N. Amin. " Structural, optical
and electrical properties of in doped CdS thin flms prepared from cosputtering technique. " J. Ovonic Res,vol. 10(5),pp.
185–190, 2014.
6. Patil, B.N., Naik, D.B., Shrivastava, V.S. " Synthesis and characterization of Al doped CdS thin flms grown by
chemical bath deposition method and its application to remove dye by photocatalytic treatment. " Chalcogenide Lett.,
Vol. 8(2), pp.117–121, 2011.
7. Singh, Pravin Kumar, Pooja Lohia, D. K. Dwivedi, Fahad A. Alharthi, Adel El-Marghany, and Nabil Al-Zaqri.
"Development and Characterization for Solar Photovoltaic Cell Based on Cu2ZnSn (S0. 2Se0. 8) 4 Thin Film."
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters, vol. 12 (3), pp.
8. Cantas, A., Turkoglu, F., Meric, E., Akca, F.G., Ozdemir, M., Tarhan, E., Ozyuzer, L., Aygun, G. " Importance of CdS bufer layer
thickness on Cu2ZnSnS4 based solar cell efciency. " J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. Vol. 51(27), pp. 1–33, 2018.
9. Dwivedi, D. K. "Modeling of CZTSSe solar photovoltaic cell for window layer optimization ." Optik, vol. 222,
pp.165407, 2020.
10. Cantas, A., Turkoglu, F., Meric, E., Akca, F.G., Ozdemir, M., Tarhan, E., Ozyuzer, L., Aygun, G. " Importance of CdS
bufer layer thickness on Cu2ZnSnS4 based solar cell efciency. " J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. Vol. 51(27), pp. 1–33, 2018.
 Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur

REFERENCES
• Jhuma, F.A., Rashid, M.J. Simulation study to find suitable dopants of CdS buffer layer for CZTS solar
cell. J Theor Appl Phys 14, 75–84 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40094-019-00363-3
• Tripathi, S., Sadanand, Lohia, P., Dwivedi, D.K. Contribution to sustainable and environmental friendly
non-toxic CZTS solar cell with an innovative hybrid buffer layer. Solar Energy 204, 748-760 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.033
• Yasin, S., Waar, Z.A., Zoubi, T.A. Development of high efficiency CZTS solar cell through buffer layer
parameters optimization using SCAPS-1D. Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (4), 1825-1829, ISSN 2214-
7853 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.064
• M. Nakamura, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Kimoto, Y. Yasaki, T. Kato and H. Sugimoto:Cd-Free Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2
Thin-Film Solar Cell With Record Efficiency of 23.35%, Digital Object Identifier, Digital Object Identifier
10.1109/JPHOTOV(.2019).2937218
• A. Cherouana and R. Labbani: Study Of CZTS/ZnS Solar Cells By Circuit based Modeling, h
International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC)(2018)
• Farjana Akter Jhuma1  · Marshia Zaman Shaily1  · Mohammad Junaebur Rashid1: Towards high‑efciency
CZTS solar cell through bufer layer optimization, for Renewable and Sustainable Energy (2019),
• Zhao, J., Wang, A., Green, M.A.. “24·5% Efciency silicon PERT cells on MCZ substrates and 24·7%
efciency PERL cells on FZ substrates”. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 471–474, 1999.
• Dwivedi, D. K. "Theoretical investigation on enhancement of output performance of CZTSSe based solar
cell." solar energy, vol. 193, pp. 442-451 2019.
• Hironori, K., Kotoe, S., Tsukasa, W., Hiroyuki, S., Tomomi, K., Shinsuke, M.: Development of thin film solar
cell based On Cu2ZnSnS4 thin flms. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 65(1–4), 141–148 (2001)
Thank you!