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Contents of the lecture:

1. Erythrocytes disorders
 Anaemia
 Polycethemia
 Sickle cell anemia
2. Leukocytes disorders
 Leukocytosis
 Leukopenia
 Leukemia

3. Platelets Disorders:
 Thrombocytosis
 Thrombocytopenia

4. Coagulation disorders
 Haemophilia
 Haemarthrosis
 Erythrocyte disorders
 Anemia
 It is the reduction in the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood as a result of an abnormality
in the quantity or quality of erythrocytes.
 Excessive blood loss, increased destruction of
erythrocytes and decreased production of
erythrocyte are the common causes
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Anemia
 Skin pallor
 Fatigue and listlessness
 Dyspnea on exertion accompanied by heart palpitations
 Decreased diastolic blood pressure
 CNS manifestations

•Headache
•Drowsiness
•Slow thought processes
•Apathy, depression and Polyneuropathy
Polycythemia:

 Is characterized by increase in both the number of red blood cells

and the concentration of hemoglobin.
 Results in thickening of blood and an increased tendency toward
clotting.
People have increased blood viscosity and increased blood
volume.
 There are two distinct forms of polycythemia.
Primary (also known as polycythemia vera): It
is relatively uncommon neoplastic disease of
the bone marrow of unknown etiology.
Secondary: It is a physiologic condition resulting
from decreased oxygen supply to the tissues.
 Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Polycythemia;
Whether primary or secondary, S/S are directly related to the
increase in blood viscosity which include:
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Irritability
 Blurred vision
 Fainting
 Disturbance of sensation in the hands and feet
 General malaise and fatigue
 Weight loss
 Easy bruising
 Intolerable pruritus (skin itching)
 Cyanosis (blue hue to the skin)
Sickle Cell Anemia

 It is a group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorder

characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of
hemoglobin.
 Genetic mutation results in a single amino acid substitution in
hemoglobin causes it to aggregate in to long chains, altering the
shape of the cell.
 The sickled or curved shape causes the cell to loose its ability to
deform and squeeze through tiny blood vessels, depriving tissue
of an adequate blood supply.
Clinical Sign and Symptoms of Sickle Cell
Anemia
 Pain
 Abdominal
 Chest
 Headache
Bone and joint crisis from ischemic tissue,
lasting for hours to days and subsiding
gradually.
 Low grade fever
 Extremity pain
 Back pain
 Periosteal pain
 Joint pain
 Vascular complications :

 CVA
 Chronic leg ulcers
 Avascular necrosis of the femoral
head
 Bone infarcts
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell
Anemia
 Pulmonary crisis
 Bacterial pneumonia
 Pulmonary infarction
 Neurological manifestations
 Convulsions
 Drowsiness
 Coma
 Stiff neck
 Paresthesias
 Cranial nerve palsies
 Blindness
 Nystagmus

Dactylitis: Inflammation of an entire digit

 Hand foot syndrome
 Fever
 Pain

 Splenic sequestration crisis

◦ Liver and spleen enlargement
◦ Spleen atrophy
Renal Complications

 Enuresis: inability to control urination

 Nocturia
 Hematuria
 Pyelonephritis
 End stage renal failure
Leukocytosis

 Leukocytosis characterizes many infectious diseases and is

recognized by a count of more than 10,000 leukocytes/mm3
 Leukocytosis is a common finding and is helpful in aiding the
body’s response to any of the following:
 Bacterial infections

 Inflammation or tissue necrosis (e.g., infarction, myositis,

vasculitis).
 Metabolic intoxications (e.g. uremia, eclampsia, acidosis, gout)

 Neoplasms (especially bronchogenic carcinomia, lymphoma,

melanoma)
 Acute hemorrhage

 Splenectomy

 Acute appendicitis

 Pneumonia

 Intoxication by chemicals

 Acute rheumatic fever

Signs and Symptoms of Leukocytosis

 Fever

 Symptoms of localized or systemic

infection
 Symptoms of inflammation or trauma to
tissue.
Leukopenia

 Leukopenia, or reduction in the number of

leukocytes in the blood below 5000 per cubic
milli litre
 Can occur in bone marrow failure such as
following anti cancer chemotherapy or radiation
therapy.
 Overwhelming infections
 Dietary deficiencies.
 Autoimmune diseases.
Nadir

Clinical Signs and symptoms of Leukopenia

 Sore throat, cough

 High fever, chills, sweating

 Ulcerations of mucous membranes

 Frequent or painful urination

 Persistent infections

LEUKEMIA

• Increased number of leukocytes. It is cancerous condition of

Platelet disorder
 Platelet functions in
 Hemostasis
 Maintaining capillary integrity
 Coagulation of blood
 Thrombocytosis
 Refers to a condition in which the number of platelets
is abnormally high
 Thrombocytopenia
 Refers to a condition in which the number of platelet is
abnormally low
 Platelets are affected by
 Anticoagulant drugs
 Diet
 Exercise
 Liver disease
 Radiation
 Chemotherapy
Clinical Sign and Symptoms of
Thrombocytosis

 Thrombosis
 Splenomegaly
 Easy bruising
 Bleeding after minor trauma
 Spontaneous bleeding
 Petechiae
 Ecchymosis (a discoloration of the skin resulting
from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising)
 Purpura spots (also called blood spots or skin
hemorrhages)
 Epistaxis (bleeding from the nose)
 Menorrhagia (abnormally heavy bleeding at
menstruation)
 Gingival bleeding (bleeding gums )
 Melena
Hemophilia:
 Is a hereditary blood clotting disorder caused by an abnormality of
functional plasma clotting proteins known as factors VIII and IX.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Acute
Hemarthrosis
 Aura, tingling, or prickling sensation
 Stiffening into the position of comfort
 Decreased range of motion
 Pain
 Swelling
 Tenderness
 Heat
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Muscle
Hemorrhage
 Gradually intensifying pain
 Protective spasm of the muscle
 Limitation of movement at the surrounding joints
 Muscle assumes the position of comfort (usually shortened)
 Loss of sensation
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of
Gastrointestinal Involvement
 Abdominal pain and distention
 Melena
 Hematemesis
 Fever
 Low Abdominal / groin pain
 Flexion contracture of the hip
 Progressing exercise program in known
anemic patient
 New episode of muscular pain in hemophilia

patient