UNIVERSAL CURRENT SENSORS

PRESENTED BY
K.VENKATA SAI
172U1A0221
 OVER VIEW
 Introduction
 Sensors
 Hall effect current sensor
 Types of hall effect current sensor
 Magnetoresistive current sensor
 Features
 Applications
 Advantages
 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
o Measurement of electric current strength is difficult for electronic
conditioning.

o Connecting Ammeter and reading out values are not valid.

o Galvanic isolation and band width.

o Physically large and technically complex

SENSOR :-
Sensor is a device, module, mechine, or
Sub system whose purpose is to detect events or changes
In it’s environment and send the information to other
Electronics.
• A sensor is always used with other electronics
IMPORTANCE OF SENSOR :-
• Sensors central to industrial applications being used for process control, monitoring and safety.

• It can also central to medicine being used for diagnostics, monitoring, critical care, and public health.

• Minimum influence on measured circuit.

UNIVERSAL CURRENT SENSORS :-
In this world, every device we make, like, robotics, temperature indications,,,
especially when we use two sensors. They are,
1. hall effect current sensor.

2. magneto resistive current sensor.

on this, two current sensors are called as universal current sensors.

1.HALL EFFECT CURRENT SENSOR :-
A hall effect sensor is an electronic device that is designed to detect
the hall effect and convert its findings into electronic data.
Either to switch a circuit on and off, it provide a measurement of a
varying magnetic field.
CONSTRUCTION OF HALL EFFECT CURRENT SENSOR :-

 Circular core of soft magnetic material.

 Hall element to produce proportionate voltge.

 It arrangement of amplifier.
WORKING ON HALL EFFECT CURRENT SENSOR :-

In a hall sensor, a current is applied to thin strip of metal.

In presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the current.

It producing a difference in electric differential(voltage) between the two sides of

the strip.

This voltage difference is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.

Hall effect sensors respond to static magnetic fields.

TYPES OF HALL EFFECT CURRENT SENSOR :-
They are two types,
a. open loop
b. closed loop

a. Open loop :-
a. It which converts a magnetic field generated by an input current into a
voltage by use of a hall IC for output.

b. Amplified output of hall elements is directly used as measured value.

c. Price and sensitivity is low.

b. Closed loop :-
Closed loop sensors high accuracy and enhance speed to enable currents with a
wide range frequencies to be measured.

A compensation coil is wound around magnetic core.

Non linearity and temperature dependence are reduced.

Not cheap and bulky for high currents

2. MAGNETORESISTIVE CURRENT SENSOR:-
 The magneto resistive sensors are
very small components. That are
designed to sense an applied
magnetic field.

 Slight changes in resistance when

ferro magnetic materials are placed
in magnetic field.

 A preferred orientation of magnetization when exposed to magnetic field.

 Magnetic moment along linear axis could be changed by applying magnetic field which result in
increase in current.
CONSTRUCTION OF MAGNETORESISTIVE
CURRENT SENSOR :-
 Configured as full bridge with baber poles placed in opposite direction to
improve temperature dependence.

 An electrically isolated aluminium compensation conductors are used on same

substrate above permalloy resistors to improve linearity.

 Voltage drop across resistor forms electrical output signal.

 Primary conductor is ‘U’ shaped

WORKING ON MAGNETORESISTIVE SENSOR :-

The magnetoresistive sensors are based on the magneto resistive effect.

The magnetoresistive effect is the change of the resistivity of a current.

If carrying the ferromagnetic material due to a magnetic field.

Magnetoresistive sensor can be called as magnetically controllable resistors

 APPLICATIONS :-
o Inverters and servo regulators.

o Energy distribution.

o Power electronics system.

o Temperature indication.

o Robotics automotive.
 ADVANTAGES :-

 Smaller volume weight compared to conventional current sensors.

 Measurement of DC and AC current without additional losses.

 Wide frequency range.

 Low system cost.

 It can measure zero speed.

 FEATURES :-
 Power consumption is 320MW to 640MW.

 Output can be scaled for analog to digital convertors.

 Comparator to measure short circuit current.

 Compesation produce high linearity.

 CONCLUTION :-
 Magneto resistive sensors are a group of sensors which have bought fast and
revolutionary changes in current measurement and it’s conditioning.

 Attempts are going on to make it more user friendly.

 In the next few decades magneto resistors and it’s sensors are predicted to
replace the conventional resistors in all applications.