Module 1 : Chapter 1

BASIC STRUCTURE OF
COMPUTERS

Ms. Yashaswini Jogi

CSE Dept.
SMVITM
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Example 1:
A program contains 1000 instructions. Out of that 25%
instructions requires 4 clock cycles,40% instructions requires 5
clock cycles and remaining require 3 clock cycles for execution.
Find the total time required to execute the program running in a
1 GHz machine.
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Clock Rate
 Increase clock rate
 Improve the integrated-circuit (IC) technology to make the
circuits faster
 Reduce the amount of processing done in one basic step
(however, this may increase the number of basic steps
needed)
 Increases in R that are entirely caused by improvements
in IC technology affect all aspects of the processor’s
operation equally except the time to access the main
memory.
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Performance Measurement
 T is difficult to compute.
 Measure computer performance using benchmark programs.
 System Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) selects and
publishes representative application programs for different
application domains, together with test results for many
commercially available computers.
 Compile and run (no simulation)
 Reference computer

Running time on the reference computer

SPEC rating 
Running time on the computer under test
n 1
SPEC rating  ( SPECi ) n

i 1
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Thank you