Software Engineering

Fundamentals
CSC-2073
Lecture No. 03
Dr. Muhammad Adeel
Department of Computer Science
National Textile University

dr.muhammad.adeel.ntu@hotmail.com
Last Lecture Review

 What is Software?
 What is Engineering?
 Software Engineering
 Difference between Computer Science and
Software Engineering
 Software Crisis
 Well-Engineered Software
 Scope of a S/W Life-Cycle Model

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Agenda – What will you Learn Today?

Life Cycles and Process The Waterfall Model

Models

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 Life Cycles and Process Models
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Embracing Change

 In software projects one thing that is constant:

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Software Process

 “A software process is a set of related activities

that leads to the production of a software
product.”

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Software Process

Software
Process

Plan- Agile-
Driven Driven

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S/W Process - Fundamentals Activities

 Software Specification
– The functionality of the software and constraints on its
operation must be defined
 Software Design & Implementation
– The software to meet the specification must be
produced
 Software Validation
– The software must be validated to ensure that it does
what the customer wants
 Software Evolution
– The software must evolve to meet changing customer
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Software Process Models

 A software process model is a simplified

representation of a software process

 Each process model represents a process

from a particular perspective

 Provides only partial information about that

process

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 The Waterfall Model

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 The Waterfall Model

 The first published model of the software

development process (Royce, 1970)

 Because of the cascade from one phase to

another, this model is known as the ‘Waterfall
Model’

 Plan and schedule all of the process activities

before starting work on them

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 The Waterfall Model
Requirements Finish each phase
before continue to next
System Design
Why is the waterfall model
Program Design so criticized?
Which are the problems?
Implementation Can it be useful sometimes?

Integration
Testing

System Testing
Milestone and
deliverable at Acceptance
each step. (Artifacts Test
such as Design
document, Requirement Maintenance
Specification. etc.)

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 The Waterfall Model – Pros & Cons
 Simple, manageable and easy to
understand
 Fits to common project management
practices (milestones, deliverables
etc.)
 Focus on requirements and design at
beginning, save money and time at
the end
 Can be suitable for short projects
(some weeks)
 Can be suitable for "stable" projects,
where requirements do not change
 Focus on documents, saves
knowledge which can be reused by
other people
 Widely used e.g. US Dept of Defense
 Can be suitable for fixed-price
contracts
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 Software requirements change, hard
to sign-off on a SRS
 Early commitment. Changes at the
end, large impact
 Feedback is needed to understand a
phase. For example implementation
is needed to understand some
design
 Difficult to estimate time and cost for
the phases
 Handling risks are not part of the
model. Pushes the risks forward
 Software "is not" developed in such
a way. It evolves when problems are
more understood
 Can We Improve the Model?
Requirements Iteration back to previous phase

System Design

Program Design

Implementation

Integration
Testing

System Testing
Danger! e.g. a performance
problem can result in a Acceptance
major requirements change. Test
Very expensive rollback...
Maintenance

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 Do It Twice?
Second round,
Requirements
Do it right The Original paper is
actually misunderstood!
System Design
(Royace, 1970) includes:
 Iteration of phases
Program Design
 "Do it twice" prototype
First round,
a prototype Implementation

Integration
Testing
Requirements
Requirements

System Testing
System
System Design
Design

Program
Program Design
Design

Implementation
Implementation
Acceptance
Integration

Test
Integration
Testing
Testing

Input to the
System
System Testing
Testing

Acceptance
Acceptance Test
Test
phases in the Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance

second round

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 Recap

 Software Process
– S/W Process - Fundamentals Activities
– Software Process Models
 The Waterfall Model
– The Waterfall Model - Pros
– The Waterfall Model - Cons
– Can We Improve the Model?
– Do It Twice?

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 Questions

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