MEASUREMENT OF PULSE

AND TRANSITION
CHARACTERISTICS
S.SATYA SWETHA 190040453
S.DINESH REDDY 190040503
Y.PUJITHA 190040589
INTRODUCTION

• This example shows how to analyze pulses and transitions and compute metrics including rise time, fall time, slew rate,
overshoot, undershoot, pulse width, and duty cycle. The rise time (or alternatively the fall time) of a signal is defined as
the time it takes the waveform to transition from one peak level to the other. We usually specify the rise time as the time
between the 10% and 90% points inthis transition. Fall time is the measurement of the time it takes for the pulse to
move from the highest value to the lowest value. slew rate of a signal is the slope of the voltage waveform, i.e., the rate
of change of the voltage. To first order, slew rate is: A signal with a slew rate independent of the rise time can be created
by scaling the voltage change in magnitude. Overshoot is the occurrence of a signal or function exceeding its target.
Undershoot is the same phenomenon in the opposite direction. It arises especially in the step response of bandlimited
systems such as low-pass filters. Pulse-width modulation or PWM is a commonly used control technique that generates
analog signals from digital devices such as microcontrollers. The signal thus produced will have a train of pulses, and
these pulses will be in the form of square waves. A duty cycle or power cycle is the fraction of one period in which a
signal or system is active.
AIM:TO MEASURE OF PULSE AND TRANSITION CHARACTERISTICS
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: ➢ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: The major software
requirements of the project are as follows: Software: Math Lab Operating system: Windows Xp
or late

Theory:
State levels are estimated via histogram. The computed histogram is
divided into two equal sized regions between the first and last bin. The
mode of each region of the histogram is returned as an estimated state
level value in the command window. Then use optional input
arguments to specify the number of histogram bins, histogram bounds,
and the state level estimation method
• The default reference levels for computing rise time and fall time are set at 10% and 90%
of the waveform amplitude. For uniformly sampled data, you can provide a sample rate
in place of the time vector. • Overshoots are expressed as a percentage of the difference
between state levels. Overshoots can occur just after an edge, at the start of the
posttransition aberration region.These are called post shoot overshoots. You can measure
them by using the overshoot function. Over-shoots may also occur just before an edge, at
the end of the pre-transition aberration region. These are called pre-shoot overshoots.
Undershoots are also expressed as a percentage of the difference between the state levels.
PROCEDURE:
First let's view the samples from a noisy clock signal and then estimate state levels. Use state levels with no
output argument to visualize the state levels.
Measure Rise Time, Fall Time and Slew Rate in bilevel waveform: Use risetime with no output argument
to visualize the rise time of positive-going edges. Specify custom reference and state levels via optional
input arguments as shown below for a fall time measurement and then Obtain measurements
programmatically by calling functions with one or more output arguments. Use slew rate to measure the
slope of each positivegoing or negative-going edge .
Measure overshoot and under shoot:View data from a clock with significant overshoot and undershoot.
Underdamped clock signals have overshoots Similarly, you can measure undershoots in the pre-aberration
and post-aberration regions
Measure pulse width and Duty cycle: Use pulse-width with no output argument to plot highlighted pulse
widths. Use duty-cycle to compute the ratio of the pulse width to the pulse period for each positive-polarity
or negative-polarity pulse. Use pulse-period to obtain the periods of each cycle of the waveform. Use this
information to compute other metrics like the average frequency of the waveform or the total observed jitter
CODE WITH OUTPUTS:
• Clock Signal with Noise:

• load clocksig clock1 time1 Fs

• plot(time1,clock1)

• xlabel('Time (seconds)’)

• ylabel('Voltage')

• State Levels:
• statelevels(clock1)

• ans = 1×20.0138 5.1848

 MEASURE RISE TIME, FALL TIME AND SLEW RATE OF BILEVEL WAVEORM

Rise time:
load('transitionex.mat','x','t')
R = risetime(x) risetime(x,t);

Fall time:
load('negtransitionex,'x') falltime(x)

Slew rate:
load('transitionex.ma','t) slewrate(x,t)

 
 NOISE CLOCK SIGNAL:

load clocksig clock2 time2 Fs

• 
plot(time2,clock)
xlabel('Time(ses))
ylabel('Voltage’)

Overshoot in post transition region:

load('transitionex.mat','x')
 [oo,lv,nst] = overshoot(x)
overshoot(x);
 ax = gca;
ax.XTick = sort([ax.XTick nst]);
• OVERSHOOT in noise clock signal:
overshoot(clock2(95:270),Fs)
ans = 2×1
4.9451
2.5399
legend('Location','NorthEast’)

UNDERSHOOT in noise signal:

undershoot(clock2(95:270),Fs,'Region','Postshoot’)
ans = 2×1
3.8499
4.9451
legend('Location','NorthEast')

•  
• Measure Pulse Width and Duty Cycle:

• Pulse width:
pulsewidth(clock2, time2,'Polarity','Positive’);

Duty cycle:
d = dutycycle(clock2,time2,'Polarity','negative') d = 3×1
0.4979
0.5000
0.5000
CONCLUSION:

In this example we learned about analyzing. Analyze pulses and transitions and compute metrics
including rise time, fall time, slew rate, overshoot, undershoot, pulse width, and duty cycle. We also
come to how the characteristic graphs look like.

REFERENCE:

Measurement of Pulse and Transition Characteristics - MATLAB & Simulink Example - MathWorks India