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INTERPRETATION OF
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial Statement Analysis
Non-accounting majors, especially,
should relate well to this module
It looks at accounting information from
users’ perspective
and looking
at the relationships
Financial Statement Analysis
Who analyzes financial statements?
Internal users (i.e., management)
External users (emphasis of module)
Examples?
Investors, creditors, regulatory agencies & …
stock market analysts and
auditors
Financial Statement Analysis
What do internal users use it for?
Planning, evaluating and controlling
company operations
What do external users use it for?
Assessing past performance and current
financial position and making predictions
about the future profitability and solvency
of the company as well as evaluating the
effectiveness of management
Financial Statement Analysis
Information is available from
Published annual reports
(1) Financial statements
(2) Notes to financial statements
(3) Letters to stockholders
(4) Auditor’s report (Independent
accountants)
(5) Management’s discussion and
analysis
Reports filed with the government
Financial Statement Analysis
Information is available from
Other sources
(1) Newspapers (e.g., Graphic, Times, etc )
(2) Periodicals
(3) Financial information organizations such
as: Moody’s,
Standard & Poor’s, Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.,
and Data Bank, Strategic African Securities
(4) Other business publications
Methods of
Financial Statement Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
Vertical Analysis
Common-Size Statements
Trend Percentages
Ratio Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
Using
Using comparative
comparative financial
financial
statements
statements toto calculate
calculate cedi
cedi
or
or percentage
percentage changes
changes in in aa
financial
financial statement
statement itemitem from
from
one
one period
period toto the
the next
next
Vertical Analysis
For
For aa single
single financial
financial
statement,
statement, each each item
item
is
is expressed
expressed as as aa
percentage
percentage of of aa
significant
significant total,
total,
e.g.,
e.g., all
all income
income
statement
statement items items areare
expressed
expressed as as aa
percentage
percentage of of sales
sales
Common-Size Statements
Financial
Financial statements
statements that
that show
show
only
only percentages
percentages and
and nono
absolute
absolute cedi
cedi amounts
amounts
Trend Percentages
Show
Show changes
changes over
over time
time in
in
given
given financial
financial statement
statement items
items
(can
(can help
help evaluate
evaluate financial
financial
information
information of of several
several years)
years)
Ratio Analysis
Expression
Expression of of logical
logical relationships
relationships
between
between items
items in in aa financial
financial
statement
statement ofof aa single
single period
period
(e.g.,
(e.g., percentage
percentage relationship
relationship
between
between revenue
revenue andand netnet income)
income)
Horizontal Analysis Example
The management of Clover Company
provides you with comparative balance
sheets of the years ended December 31,
2017 and 2018. Management asks you to
prepare a horizontal analysis on the
information.
Horizontal Analysis Example
Calculating Change in Dollar/Cedi Amounts
CAUTION!
“Using ratios and percentages without
considering the underlying causes may be
hazardous to your health!”
lead to incorrect conclusions.”
Categories of Ratios
Liquidity Ratios
Indicate a company’s short-term
debt-paying ability
Equity (Long-Term Solvency) Ratios
Show relationship between debt and equity
financing in a company
Profitability Tests
Relate income to other variables
Market Tests
Help assess relative merits of stocks in the
marketplace
10 Ratios You Must Know
Liquidity Ratios
Current (working capital) ratio
Acid-test (quick) ratio
Cash flow liquidity ratio
Accounts receivable turnover
Number of days’ sales in accounts
receivable
Inventory turnover
Total assets turnover
10 Ratios You Must Know
Equity (Long-Term Solvency) Ratios
Equity (stockholders’ equity) ratio
Equity to debt
10 Ratios You Must Know
Profitability Tests
Return on operating assets
Net income to net sales (return on
sales or “profit margin”)
margin”
Return on average common
stockholders’ equity (ROE)
ROE
Cash flow margin
stock
Now, let’s calculate
the 10 ratios based
on Norton’s financial
statements.
NORTON CORPORATION
2018
Cash $ 30,000
Accounts receivable, net
Beginning of year 17,000
We will
use this End of year 20,000
information Inventory
to calculate Beginning of year 10,000
the liquidity End of year 12,000
ratios for Total current assets 65,000
Norton. Total current liabilities 42,000
Sales on account 494,000
Cost of goods sold 140,000
Working Capital*
The excess of current assets over
current liabilities.
12/31/18
Current assets $ 65,000
Current liabilities (42,000)
Working capital $ 23,000
* While this is not a ratio, it does give an
indication of a company’s liquidity.
Current (Working Capital) Ratio
#1
Current Current Assets
=
Ratio Current Liabilities
Inventory $140,000
= = 12.73 times
Turnover ($10,000 + $12,000) ÷ 2
Inventory $140,000
= = 12.73 times
Turnover ($10,000 + $12,000) ÷ 2
Would 5 be a
desirable number of times
for inventory to turnover?
Equity, or Long–Term
Solvency Ratios
This is part of the information to
calculate the equity, or long-term
solvency ratios of Norton Corporation.
NORTON CORPORATION
2018
Net operating income $ 84,000
Net sales 494,000
Interest expense 7,300
Total stockholders' equity 234,390
NORTON CORPORATION
2018
Common shares outstanding
Beginning of year 17,000
End of year 27,400
Net income $ 53,690
Here is the Stockholders' equity
rest of the Beginning of year 180,000
information
we will End of year 234,390
use. Dividends per share 2
Dec. 31 market price/share 20
Interest expense 7,300
Total assets
Beginning of year 300,000
End of year 346,390
Equity Ratio
#6
Equity Stockholders’ Equity
=
Ratio Total Assets
Equity $234,390
= = 67.7%
Ratio $346,390
Return on
$53,690
Stockholders’ = = 25.9%
($180,000 + $234,390) ÷ 2
Equity
Important measure of the
income-producing ability
of a company.
Earnings Per Share
#9
Earnings Available to Common Stockholders
Earnings
= Weighted-Average Number of Common
per Share
Shares Outstanding
Earnings $53,690
= = $2.42
per Share (17,000 + 27,400) ÷ 2
Earnings available to
common stockholders
EPS of common stock = _______________________
Weighted-average number of
Alternate #1 common shares outstanding
Earnings Per Share
Alternate #2
Alternate #3
Price-Earnings Ratio
A/K/A P/E Multiple
#10