MAGNETRON AND KLYSTRON

Submitted By:
Maira Younas
(F20BPHYS3E01936)
MPHIL Physics
1st Semester (B)
Submitted To:
Prof. Dr. NAEEM ANJUM

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MAGNETRON:

 The magnetron is an oscillator in which the RF circuit

consists of resonant cavities.
 The cavities are arranged so that the RF magnetic field
generated in each cavity is coupled to adjacent cavities.
 If an electron spoke circles about the cathode in synchronism
with the rotating field pattern on the anode, then the spoke
can arrive at each gap at a time when it will induce a current
in the cavity that reinforces the oscillation.
 The resulting power out of the magnetron can be in the
multimegawatt range and efficiencies reported to be as high
as 88% are possible.

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Fig.1: Basic configuration of a crossed-field amplifier. Fig.2: Basic configuration of a magnetron

• The basic configurations of magnetrons and crossed-field amplifiers is shown in fig.

• In these devices, the cathode is a cylindrical emitter in the center.

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 Physical construction of a
magnetron:
 The magnetron is classed as a diode because it
has no grid.
 The anode of a magnetron is fabricated into a
cylindrical solid copper block.
 The cathode and filament are at the center of
the tube and are supported by the filament
leads.
 The filament leads are large and rigid enough
to keep the cathode and filament structure
fixed in position.
 The cathode is indirectly heated and is
constructed of a high-emission material.

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• It generally consists of an even number of microwave
cavities arranged in radial fashion.
1.slot- type
2.vane- type
3.rising sun- type
4.hole-and-slot- type
• The slot type, hole-and slot type and the rising sun type are
usually machined by hobbling methods out of solid copper
stock.
• But it can be difficult to cut softly metal (such as copper) in
a lathe.
• The vane type is generally made up of individual vanes
assembled and brazed into a support ring.

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 • Energy (rf) can be removed from a magnetron by means of a
coupling loop as shown in Figure 9 into the bottom one resonator.
At frequencies lower than 10,000 megahertz, the coupling loop is
made by bending the inner conductor of a coaxial line into a loop.
• The loop is then soldered to the end of the outer conductor so that
it projects into the cavity, in (A) also. Locating the loop at the end
Magnetron Coupling of the cavity, as shown in view (B), causes the magnetron to
obtain sufficient pickup at higher frequencies.
Methods: • The segment-fed loop method is shown in view (C). The loop
intercepts the magnetic lines passing between cavities. The strap-
fed loop method (view (D), intercepts the energy between the
strap and the segment.
• The vacuum seal at the inner conductor helps to support the line.
Aperture, or slot, coupling is illustrated in view (E). Energy is
coupled directly to a waveguide through an iris (made from either
glass or ceramic).

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Magnetron coupling, view (A) and (B) Magnetron coupling, view (C), (D) and (E)

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 Strapping:
• The operation frequency
depends on the sizes of the
cavities and the interaction
space between anode and
cathode.
• But the single cavities are
coupled over the interaction
space with each other.
• The several resonant frequencies
exist for the complete system.

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 Magnetron Tuning:
• A tunable magnetron permits the
system to be operated at a precise
frequency anywhere within a band of
frequencies, as determined by
magnetron characteristics.
• The resonant frequency of a
magnetron may be changed by
varying the inductance or capacitance
of the resonant cavities.

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 KLYSTRON AMPLIFIER:
• The klystron is one of two major classes
of devices categorized as linear-beam
(O-type) tubes. The other is the traveling
wave tube (TWT).
• The family tree of linear-beam tubes
given in Figure shows some types of
klystrons and traveling wave tubes and
indicates that there are hybrid devices
that combine the klystron and TWT
technologies.

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• In the klystron, interactions take place in discrete
locations along the beam and there is no coupling
of the signal between parts of the interaction
structure.
• The RF signal is carried from cavity to cavity by
the electron beam. In the coupled-cavity version
of the TWT, cavities similar in appearance to
klystron cavities are used.
• There are coupling apertures in the walls of the
cavities so that the RF energy can propagate along
the interaction structure in addition to being
carried along by the electron beam.

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 Klystron. (Adapted from: Armand Staprans, et al., Proc. IEEE, March Twystron amplifier. (Adapted from: Armand Staprans, et al., Proc. IEEE,
1973. © 1973 IEEE.) March 1973. © 1973 IEEE.)

Coupled-cavity TWT. (Adapted from: Armand Staprans, et al., Proc. IEEE, Clustered-cavity klystron and extended interaction klystron.
March 1973. © 1973 IEEE.)

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 THE INVENTION AND BASIC OPERATION
OF THE KLYSTRON:

• . When the transit time approaches the period of the RF signal, gain decreases
rapidly.
• The first published account of a major advance that would eventually lead to
the klystron (magnetron-like devices had appeared earlier) was given by Heil
and Heil.
• In the Heil tube, an electron beam passed through a floating drift tube, which
the Hails called an oscillating Faraday cage, to a collector.
• The drift tube was connected to a tuned circuit.
• A small RF voltage across the gap at the entrance into the drift tube caused
velocity modulation of the electrons. That is, the voltage across the gap
accelerated some electrons and decelerated others.

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The Heil tube.

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