TEMERATURE

REGULATION
DR.JAWAD MAHMOOD MBBS
KMC PESHAWAR
 Temperature Regulation
 Temperature affects the cellular structure and
metabolic pathways of the body
 An increase in temperature above 45c destructs the
protein structure and enzymes which may result in
death
 A decrease in temperature below 34c slows down
the metabolism and causes abnormal cardiac
function (arrhythmias)
 Animals which are capable of maintaing constant
body temperature are called Homeotherms
Over View Of Heat Balance During Exercise

 The main goal of temperature regulation is to

maintain constant temperature and prevent
overheating or overcooling
 For temperature to remain constant the amount of
heat lost must match the amount of heat gain
 If heat lost is less then heat produce the body
temperature will rise
 If heat loss is greater then amount of heat produce
the body temperature will decrease
 During exercise to regulate body temperature
circulatory system plays an important role
 Blood has a high capacity to store heat
 During process of heat loss blood flow is increased
to the skin
 During heat gain blood flow from skin is directed
away and into the interior systems of the body
 Temperature varies in different body parts, there is
temperature gradient from deep body temperature
(core temperature) to the shell (skin temperature)
Temperature Measurement During Exercise
 Deep body temperature can be measured with mercury
thermometer known as thermocouples or thermistors
 In lab most common site of temperature measurement is
rectum
 At rectum deep body temperature can be measured during
exercise
 Actual brain temperature can be measured near eardrum
called tympanic temperature
 Core temperature can be measured by measuring
temperature of esophagus
 Skin temperature can be measured by placing thermistors on
different location at skin
 Overview Of Heat Production/Heat Loss
 Hypothalamus is the temperature control system in
the brain
 Output from the hypothalamus and the other brain
areas to the effectors is via: (1) sympathetic nerves
to the sweat glands, skin arterioles, and the adrenal
medulla; and (2) motor neurons to the skeletal
muscles.
 Hypothalamus increases the heat production when
body temperature falls and decreases heat
production when body temperature rises
 Temperature is regulated by both physical and
chemical process
 Heat Production
 At rest heat production is slow and during
exercise heat production increases
 Exercise causes voluntary heat production
while involuntary is due to shivering
(biochemical) and hormone secretion such as
thyroxin and catecholamine
 During heavy exercise in hot/humid condition
the body ability is tested because 70% to 80%
energy expended during exercise is heat
 Heat produce during involuntary activates like
shivering is five times more then resting value
 Thyroxin increases the metabolic rate of cellular
body and thus increases heat production
 Catecholamine ( epinephrine and non-epinephrine)
also increases metabolic activity of cellular bodies
 This combine effect of thyroxin and catecholamine
is known an non-shivering thermogenesis
 Heat Loss
 EVEAPORATION:
 Even in the absence of sweating, there is loss of
water by diffusion through the skin, which is not
waterproof. A similar amount is lost from the
respiratory lining during expiration.
 These two losses are known as insensible water
loss and amount to approximately 600 ml/day in
human beings. Evaporation of this water accounts
for a significant fraction of total heat loss. In
contrast to this passive water loss, sweating requires
the active secretion of fluid by sweat glands and its
extrusion into ducts that carry it to the skin surface.
Heat Loss by Radiation and Conduction
 For purposes of temperature control, it is convenient
to view the body as a central core surrounded by a
shell consisting of skin and subcutaneous tissue; we
shall refer to this complex outer shell simply as
skin.
 It is the temperature of the central core that is being
regulated at approximately 37°C. As we shall see,
the temperature of the outer surface of the skin
changes markedly.
 Evaporation occur due to vapor pressure gradient
 Vapor pressure gradient must be high at skin as then
at air
 If its hot/humid condition less evaporation occurs
because vapor pressure gradient is high in air and
less at skin for example
 An athlete running in hot/humid condition will have
less evaporation as compared to running in cool/low
humidity
Heat Storage In The Body During Exercise

 Heat produced during exercise, which is not

lost completely is stored in body tissues
 Body heat storage is the difference between
heat produce and heat loss
 Body heat gain during exercise= heat produced
- heat loss
 Heat required to elevate body temperature by
1c is known as specific heat
 Heat required to increase body temp by 1c =
specific heat x body mass
Heat Exchange During Exercise
 Body’s Thermostat-Hypothalamus
 Increased core temperature
 Anterior hypothalamus
 Commencement of sweating
 Increased skin blood flow

 Cold exposure
 Posterior hypothalamus
 Increase heat production
 Shivering
 Decrease heat loss
 Decreased skin blood flow
Responses to Heat Stress
Responses to Cold Stress
 Heat Exchange During Exercise
 Metabolic energy (heat) production stimulates heat
loss
 Evaporative heat loss
 Most important means of heat loss
 Convective heat loss
 Small contribution
 Radiative heat loss
 Small role in total heat loss
Heat Exchange During Exercise
 Body Temperature Increase During
Exercise
 Increase in body temperature with work
rate
Linear across wide range of
temperatures
Linear for both arm and leg exercise
 Temperature proportional to active
muscle mass
Body Temperature During Arm and
Leg Exercise
Heat Exchange During Exercise Effect
of Ambient Temperature
 As ambient temperature increases:
Heat production remains constant
Lower convective and radiant heat
loss
Higher evaporative heat loss
Heat Exchange During Exercise Effect
of Exercise Intensity
 With increased exercise intensity
Heat production increases
Higher net heat loss
 Lower convective and radiant heat
loss
 Higher evaporative heat loss
Exercise in Hot/Humid Environments

 Inability to lose heat

Higher core temperature
Higher sweat rate
 Can result in:
Impaired performance
Hyperthermia
 Heat Acclimatization

 Increased plasma volume

 Earlier onset of sweating
 Higher sweat rate
 Reduced sodium chloride loss in sweat
 Reduced skin blood flow
 Heat-related problems

 Heat syncope -headache; nausea- DRINK

 Heat cramps- Muscle cramps- one OK- drink, stretch, ice
 2 or more bad- treat as heat stroke- stop ex. get cool
 Heat exhaustion- Profuse sweating; cold, clammy skin; normal temp;
pale; dizzy; weak, fast pulse; shallow breathing; nausea; headache;
loss of consciousness
 May require medical attention

 Heat stroke
 Is a medical emergency
 No sweat; dry skin; very hot; temp 105-106; bright red skin; fast
strong pulse; labored breathing- take off clothes, ice, water, air
cond. Lay down legs up, doc!
Factors Affecting Heat Injury
 Consideration for Exercise

 Know signs/symptoms of heat illness

 Exercise in cooler part of the day
 Gradually increase exposure to heat to
acclimatize
 Drink water before, during, and after exercise
 Wear light clothing
 Exercise in a Cold Environment
 Enhanced heat loss
 Reduces chance of heat injury
 May result in hypothermia
 Cold acclimatization
 Improved ability to sleep in the cold
 Increased nonshivering thermogenesis
 Higher intermittent blood flow to hands and feet
 Results in ability to maintain core temperature