Society State and Polity in India

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
Society State and Polity in India
Unit: I
Subject Name:
Indian Tradition & Culture Faculty Name
(KNC 602)
Riyazuddin
Course Details Assistant professor
(B.Tech 6th Sem.) Department-MBA
Faculty Name: Riyazuddin Subject code and abbreviation: KNC 602 (ITC& C) Unit Number::I
1
07/11/2021
Index/Content
S. No. Index
1. Content
2. Unit Objective(s)
3. Course Outcome(s)
4. CO-PO & PSO Mapping
5. Requisite & Recap
6. Objectives of Topic/Session
7. Topic Mapping with course outcomes
8. Lecture
07/11/2021 Faculty Name: Riyazuddin Subject code and abbreviation: KNC 602 (ITC& C) Unit Number::I 2
Index/Content
S. No. Index
9. Video Links
10. Daily Quiz
11. MCQs
12. Assignment
13. Old Question Papers
14. Summary
15. References
Content
• Introduction to ancient India

• Evolution of Theories
• Ancient States of India
• Administration of ancient India
Unit Objective(s)
• To aware students about ancient India

· To aware students about ancient Indian states
· To aware students about ancient Indian administration
Course Outcome
• CO1. Awareness about ancient Indian t states

• CO3. Awareness about ancient Indian administration
CO-PO and PSO Mapping
Mapping
Unit-I So. No. CO Level PO Level PSO Level
I 1 1 High 1 High 1 High

2 3 High
07/11/2021 7
Topic Mapping with course outcomes
Mapping
Unit-I So. Topic Course Level
No. Outcomes
I Introduction to ancient India CO1 High

1 CO3 High
Ancient Indian states CO1 High
2 CO3 High
Ancient Indian CO1 High
3 administration CO3 Medium
07/11/2021 8
Topic objectives
• Students will be able to know the following concepts:

• Introduction to ancient Indian states
• Introduction to ancient Indian administration
• Introduction to ancient Indian culture
Society State and Polity in India
• Political thinkers have attempted to explain the origin of the
state in various ways. When, where and how the state came into
existence have not been recorded anywhere in history.
Therefore, the political thinkers were compelled to adopt
various hypotheses, many of which are now discredited in the
light of modern knowledge. Among the many theories which are
concerned with the origin of the state the following are
explained below:
• Evolutionary Theory.
• Force Theory.
• Matriarchal and Patriarchal Theory.
07/11/2021 10
Evolutionary Theory
• Five theories in explanation of the origin of the state, but no
single theory offers an adequate explanation. The theory which
explains and is now accepted as a convincing origin of the state,
is the Historical or Evolutionary theory. It explains the state is
the product of growth, a slow and steady evolution extending
over a long period of time and ultimately shaping itself into the
complex structure of a modern state. This theory is more
scientific.
• The state is neither the handiwork of God, nor the result of
superior physical force, nor the creation of evolution or
convention, nor a mere expansion of the family. The state is not
a mere artificial mechanical creation but an institution of natural
growth or historical evolution says professor Garner.
07/11/2021 11
Evolutionary Theory
• There were a number of factors which helped the evolution of
the state. They were kinship, religion, war, migration economic
activities and political consciousness. The important factors
which contributed to the growth of the state are
• 1. Kinship
• 2. Religion
• 3. Property and defence
• 4. Force
• 5. Political consciousness
07/11/2021 12
Evolutionary Theory
1. Kinship:
Kinship is the most important and was based upon blood
relationship and kinship was the first strongest bond of unity.
Family constituted the first link in the process of the evolution
of the state with the expansion of the family arose new families
and the multiplication of families led to the formation of clans
and tribes. Kinship was the only factor which bound the people
together.
07/11/2021 13
Evolutionary Theory
2. Religion:
• Religion provided the bond of unity in early society. It also
affected all walks of life. The worship of a common ancestor and
common goods created a sense of social solidarity. There was
fear in the hearts of men as far as religion was concerned. Even
today we see religious practices, affairs and faith in uniting
people. In the early days a number of races are united by
religion and unity was essential for the creation of state.
07/11/2021 14
Evolutionary Theory
3. Force:
• Force also played an important part in the evolution of the
state. It was the use of physical force that was responsible for
the growth of kingdoms and empires.
4. Property and Defence:
• Property and defense played a vital role in the evolution of state in
ancient times particularly among the people who were nomads and
wagabonds and tribal's. Prof. Laski has referred to the necessity of
acquiring property by the members of society and protecting the
property acquired with reference to the population mentioned above.
• This led to making adjustments in the social system and relationship
between the members of different groups. The need to protect
property ultimately compelled the ancient people to establish the
state.
07/11/2021 15
Evolutionary Theory
3. Force:
• Force also played an important part in the evolution of the
state. It was the use of physical force that was responsible for
the growth of kingdoms and empires.
4. Property and Defence:
• Property and defense played a vital role in the evolution of state in
ancient times particularly among the people who were nomads and
wagabonds and tribal's. Prof. Laski has referred to the necessity of
acquiring property by the members of society and protecting the
property acquired with reference to the population mentioned above.
• This led to making adjustments in the social system and
relationship between the members of different groups. The need to
protect property ultimately compelled the ancient people to establish
the state.
07/11/2021 16
Summary
• We have covered the following topics in this lecture:

Prerequisite and Recap

Topic Mapping with course outcomes
Mapping
Unit-I So. Topic Course Level
No. Outcomes
I 1 Introduction to ancient CO1 High

Indian states High
2 Introduction to ancient CO1 High
Indian administration CO3 Low
07/11/2021 19
Objectives of topic/Session
• Students will be able to know the following theories:
• Force Theory and its components

• Social Contract Theory
07/11/2021 20
Force Theory
• According to this theory, the state is the result of superior
physical forces; it originates in the subjugation of weaker by
stronger.
• It is said that the state is the result of aggression and the saying
that 'war begot the king' is offered as the historical explanation
regarding the origin of the state. Thus through the process of
conquest and domination, the institution of kingship came to be
established. A state was formed when the leader of a victorious
tribe, with his handful of warriors, secured an undisputed
control over a definite territory of a considerable size. That led
to creation of a state.
Force Theory
• History of the Force Theory:
• The Church Fathers gave indirect prominence to this theory in
their controversy with the Kings of Europe regarding their
supremacy. * They tried to discredit the state by saying that it
was the result of brute force and the Kings were force
personified.
• The Individualist School of thought gives it importance by the
application of the principle of the 'survival of the fittest' to
human society.
• The theory of force found an all-out support at the hands of
the German philosophers like Hegel, Bernhardi and Triestchki.
• Triestchki, ‘State is power: it is sin for a state to be weak State is
the public power of offence and defence’.
Force Theory
• Criticism Of Force Theory:
• Force is not the only factor
• The state based on mere brute force can continue its existence
for a temporary period of time but ultimately it will be found
that something other than force is necessary to ensure the
continuance of the state.
• Opposed to individual liberty.
• The theory is opposed to the idea of individual freedom and
upholds despotism, In pre-war Germany, Treitschki and
Bernhardi preached the gospel of force and world domination.
• They maintained that war was a biological necessity and peace
meant decadence.
Force Theory
• Non-violence alternative to force.
• Mahatma Gandhi, held the view that society can be effectively
built upon the basis of pure ahimsa or nonviolence in which
force has no place.
• He conducted the whole struggle for Indian Independence on
the basis of theory of non-violence with a remarkable success.
• State is the result of political consciousness.
• State came into existence through the desire of the human
beings to lead a peaceful and settled life.
Social Contract Theory
• The social contract theory is one of the theories of the origin of
the state. It has been emerged since the time of the sophists of
the Greece but it has got recognition in the hands of the great
trio. The name of these great philosophers were – John Locke,
Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau.
• The term social stands for the society where these individual
persons live and the term contract is an agreement or a promise
made between the two or more individual and a groups/society.
There were many other theories of the origin of the state but
the social contract theory has explained the origin of state in a
systematic manner.
• This theory states that the society or the state came into being by
a contract that was made between the individual and the society
or the contract that was made amongst the individual people. It
states that the conditions in the state of nature at some point
became worst and to come of this situation the people entered
themselves into a contract and according to this contract the
people will surrender some part of their right to the sovereign.
• According to Hobbes people will surrender all their rights to the
kings and king will not be a part of the contract, the king will be
all sovereign whereas Locke says that the people will surrender
only a part of their right to the king and is also a part of the
contract and the people will have the right to change the king if
he fails to fulfill his duties and Rousseau talks about the General
Will, it is not the will of all nor it is the will of the majority but is a
general will is the will of the people for the common good.
• But this theory of social contract has been criticized from the
historical point of view, it is not acceptable. History does not
give a single evidence which could indicate that there was a
stable society. This theory is illogical and baseless. The progress
of the society has been from status to contract, contract is not
the beginning but the end of society. The contract cannot be
made by only one party as one sided contract as expounded by
Hobbes. The relation between individual and the state is not by
contract but by birth.
Faculty Video Links, You tube & NPTEL Video
Links and Online Courses Details
• Youtube/other Video Links:

• https://youtu.be/1kUkWRnkEaY?list=PLhDPmw02TYsnl85_
953po60uI_-R8CQY8
• https://youtu.be/Hw6J5uOm7E8
Daily Quiz
1. Traditional approach give stress on:
A. Values.
B. Facts.
C. Objectivity.
D. Precision.
2. Hobbes Theory of Social Contract is explained in his book. A.
Republic. B. Prince. C. Social Contract. D. Leviathan.
3. Which one of the following is not relevant to Traditional
Approach.
A. Philosophical B. Historical. C. Institutional D. Behavioural.
4. Integration of Political Science with other Social Sciences Is a basic
principle of
A. Traditionalism. B. Behaviouralism. C. Liberalism. D. Post –
Behaviouralism.
07/11/2021 29
Daily Quiz
5. Integration of Political Science with other Social Sciences Is a
basic principle of
Behaviouralism.
6. The success of democracy depends upon
A. Periodic Elections. B. Voting. C. Campaigning in The
Elections. D. All of the above
7. Who wrote the book ‘A Grammar of politics’
A. Laski
B. Hegal
C. J.S Mill
D T.H Green
Daily Quiz
8. The concept of Greek, ‘Justice’ was

A. Legal
B. Moral
C. Social
D. Political
9. The origin of democracy can be traced back to
A. Ancient Greek City States
B. Medieval Period
C. Modern Era
D. Feudalism
MCQ s
1. Who among the following said “Liberty is the opposite of over
government”?
A. Seeley
B. Prof. Ramsay Muir
C. Laski
D. J.S Mill
2. What is meant by Social Justice.
A. All should have same Political Rights.
B. All should have same Economic rights.
C. All kinds of discrimination and privileges based on caste,
colour, creed and sex should be eliminated.
D. All should have the right to freedom of religion.
MCQ s
3. Traditional approach give stress on:
A. Values.
B. Facts.
C. Objectivity.
D. Precision.
4. Hobbes Theory of Social Contract is explained in his book. A.
Republic. B. Prince. C. Social Contract. D. Leviathan.
5. Which one of the following is not relevant to Traditional Approach.
A. Philosophical B. Historical. C. Institutional D. Behavioural.
6. Integration of Political Science with other Social Sciences Is a basic
principle of
Behaviouralism.
MCQ s
7. Integration of Political Science with other Social Sciences Is a
basic principle of
Behaviouralism.
8. The success of democracy depends upon
A. Periodic Elections. B. Voting. C. Campaigning in The
Elections. D. All of the above
9. Who wrote the book ‘A Grammar of politics’
A. Laski
B. Hegal
C. J.S Mill
D T.H Green
MCQ s
10. The concept of Greek, ‘Justice’ was

A. Legal
B. Moral
C. Social
D. Political
11. The origin of democracy can be traced back to
A. Ancient Greek City States
B. Medieval Period
C. Modern Era
D. Feudalism
Weekly Assignment
Q.1Throw the light on force theory of ancient state.

Q.2 Discuss the evolutionary theory of ancient state
Q.3Throw the light on the Council of Ministers Administration
Political Ideals in Ancient India Conditions’ of the Welfare of
Societies.
Q.4Discuss the Seven Limbs of the State.
Expected Questions for University Exam
Q.1Throw the light on force theory of ancient state.
Q.2 Discuss the evolutionary theory of ancient state
Q.3Throw the light on the Council of Ministers Administration
Political Ideals in Ancient India Conditions’ of the Welfare of
Societies.
Q.4Discuss the Seven Limbs of the State.
Summary
• We have covered the following topics in this lecture:

• Force Theory and its components
• Social Contract Theory
07/11/2021 38
References
References :
1. V. Sivaramakrishna (Ed.), Cultural Heritage of India-
Course Material, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 5th
Edition, 2014
2. S. Baliyan, Indian Art and Culture, Oxford University
Press, India
3. Swami Jitatmanand, Modern Physics and Vedant,
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
4. Romila Thapar, Readings In Early Indian History Oxford
University Press , India
Source: www.aktuonline.org
References
Thank You

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Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

Society State and Polity in India

• Introduction to ancient India

• To aware students about ancient India

• CO1. Awareness about ancient Indian t states

I 1 1 High 1 High 1 High

I Introduction to ancient India CO1 High

• Students will be able to know the following concepts:

• We have covered the following topics in this lecture:

• Introduction to ancient Indian states

I 1 Introduction to ancient CO1 High

• Students will be able to know the following theories:

• Force Theory and its components

• Youtube/other Video Links:

8. The concept of Greek, ‘Justice’ was

10. The concept of Greek, ‘Justice’ was

Q.1Throw the light on force theory of ancient state.

• We have covered the following topics in this lecture:

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