FERTILIZATION

FERTILIZATION
• DEFINITION
• SITE
• OOCYTE TRANSPORT
• VIABILITY OF OOCYTE
• SPERM TRANSPORT
• SPERM VIABILITY
• MATURATION OF SPERM
• PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
• RESULTS OF FERTILIZATION
 DEFINITION

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT BEGINS WITH

CONTACT BETWEEN A SPERM AND AN
OOCYTE AND ENDS WITH THE FUSION OF
MALE AND FEMALE PRONUCLEI RESULTING IN
THE FORMATION OF A ZYGOTE
 SITE &OOCYTE TRANSPORT

AMPULLA OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE

AT THE TIME OF OVULATION A SECONDARY

OOCYTE IS DISCHARGED FROM THE SURFACE
OF THE OVARY AND IS SWEPT INTO THE TUBE
 VIABILITY OF OOCYTE

• OOCYTES USUALLY FERTILIZED WITHIN 12

HOURS
• CAN NOT BE FERTILIZED AFTER 24 HOURS
• USUALLY DEGENERATES AFTER 24 HOURS
 SPERM TRANSPORT
• STORAGE SITE—EPIDIDYMUS-
• AMPULLA OF DUCTUS DEFERENS BY THE
CONTRACTION OF MUSCULAR WALL OF
DUCTUS
• CERVIX & FORNICES OF VAGINA—CERVICAL
MUCOUS INCREASED IN AMOUNT AND LESS
VISCOUS
• CERVICAL CANAL BY MOVEMENTS OF THEIR
TAILS
 SPERM TRANSPORT
• UTERUS BY MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS
• UTERINE TUBE—PROSTAGLANDINS
STIMULATE UTERINE MOTILITY
 SPERM VIABILITY
• MOST SPERMS DO NOT SURVIVE FOR MORE
THAN 48 HOURS IN FEMALE GENITAL TRACT

• SOME STORED IN THE MUCOSAL FOLDS AND

ARE RELEASED GRADUALLY

• WHEN FROZEN TO LOW TEMPERATURE,CAN

BE KEPT FOR SEVERAL YEARS
 MATURATION OF SPERMS
CAPACITATION
• PERIOD OF CONDITIONING—7 HOURS
• GLYCOPROTEIN COAT AND SEMINAL PROTEIN
REMOVED FROM ACROSOME
• SITE—UTERUS/UTERINE TUBE
• RESULT—BECOME MORE ACTIVE—NO
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE
• INDUCTION—BY SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY
UTERUS AND TUBES
 SPERM MATURATION
ACROSOME REACTION
• CHANGES RESULTING IN PERFORATIONS IN
ACROSOME
• FUSION OF ACROSOME MEMBRANE WITH
PLASMA MEMBRANE[MULTIPLE POINT FUSION]
• BREAKDOWN OF MEMBRANES AT THESE SITES
• RELEASE OF ENZYMES
• FERTILIZATION FACILITATED
 PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
1. PASSAGE OF SPERM THROUGH CORONA
RADIATA

DISPERSAL OF CELLS BY THE ACTION OF---

• HYALURONIDASE
• TUBAL MUCOSAL ENZYMES
• MOVEMENTS OF THE TAIL
 PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
2 PENETRATION OF ZONA PELLUCIDA
[ZONA REACTION]

BY THE ACTION OF ENZYMES FROM ACROSOME

• ACROSIN
• NEURAMINIDASE
 PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
ZONA REACTION
CHANGES IN ZONA AFTER THE PASSAGE OF A
SPERM SO THAT IT BECOMES IMPERMEABLE TO
OTHER SPERMS---BY THE ACTION OF---

• BY LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES FROM THE CORTICAL GRANULES OF

SECONDARY OOCYTE

• PLASMA MEMBRANE OF OOCYTE ALSO BECOMES IMPERMEABLE TO

SPERMS
 PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
3 FUSION OF OOCYTE & SPERM CELL
MEMBRANES

• BREAKDOWN AT THE SITE OF FUSION

• HEAD & TAIL ENTER
• SPERM’S PLASMA MEMBRANE REMAINS
BEHIND
 PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
4 COMPLETION OF 2nd MEIOTIC DIVISION OF
SEC. OOCYTE
FORMATION OF---

• MATURE OOCYTE[ OVUM]

• SECOND POLAR BODY
• FORMATION OF FEMALE PRONUCLEUS
[MATURE NUCLEUS] DNA REPLICATED
 PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
5 FORMATION OF MALE PRONUCLEUS

• HEAD ENLARGES
• TAIL DEGENERATES
• DNA REPLICATED
 PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
6 FUSION OF MALE & FEMALE PRONUCLEI

RESULTING IN THE FORMATION OF A SINGLE

CELL----

THE ZYGOTE
 RESULTS OF FERTILIZATION
1. RESTORATION OF DIPLOID NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES[46]
2. SHUFFLING OF GENES AND RECOMBINATION
OF GENETIC MATERIAL
3. PRIMARY SEX DETERMINATION
XY