Properties DM1

Properties Used to Characterize
Dental Materials
Dr. Shoaib Khan

Assistant Professor
Head of the Department
Department of Science of Dental Materials
Ziauddin College of Dentistry
Goals Of Dentistry
● To maintain or improve
the quality of life of the
dental patient.
● Goals can be achieved

by preventing diseases,
relieving pain or
improving appearance.

Classification Of Dental Materials
● Preventive materials
● Restorative materials
● Auxiliary materials

Ideal Properties of Dental Materials
● Biocompatible
● Bond permanently to tooth
structure and bone.
● Match natural appearance of
tooth structure
● Exhibit properties similar to
those of tooth enamel,
dentine & other tissues.
● Be capable of initiating
tissue repair.

Classification of Properties
MATERIAL
PROPETIES
DURING DURING DURING SET

STORAGE MIXING SETTING MATERIAL

Properties of Unmixed Materials
● During storage and transportation
● Shelf life

Properties of Materials During
Mixing & Manipulation
● Method of dispensation
● Mixing time
● Viscosity

Properties of Materials During
Setting
● Rate of Set
● Working Time
● Setting time
● Temperature changes during setting
● Dimensional changes
Properties of Set Material
● Mechanical properties e.g. Strength
● Physical properties e.g. Colour
● Thermal properties e.g. Thermal Conductivity
● Chemical properties e.g. Solubility
● Biological properties e.g. Toxicity

Shelf Life
● The time up to which a material can be
kept without undergoing deterioration
and changes in properties

Methods of Dispensation
● Powder to be mixed with water
● Powder to be mixed with given liquid
● Single paste
● Two pastes
● Paste and liquid
● Capsules

Mixing Time
● The time required to

achieve a thorough,
homogenous, workable
mix
● Mixing time is normally

prescribed by the
manufacturer for a
particular product

● Normally when two pastes are mixed
they are having good color contrast to
achieve homogenous streak free mix

Mixing Techniques
● Manual mixing
● Mechanical mixing

Working Time
● The time available

for mixing and
manipulation of
the material

Setting Time
● The time taken for

a material to
achieve a certain
level of rigidity or
elasticity

Rate of Set
● Setting per unit time
● Rate of set should be

kept in sight during
mixing and
manipulation
Viscosity
● The ability of a material to resist flow
● Higher the viscosity lesser is the flow

Mechanical Properties
● The physical sciences that deals with energy and
forces and their effects on body.

Classification
● Based on force applied i.e. Stress and Strain
● Based on elastic or reversible deformation (i.e.,
proportional limit, resilience and modulus of
elasticity)
● Based on plastic or irreversible deformation (e.g.,
percent elongation and hardness)
● Based on combination of elastic and plastic
deformation such as toughness and yield strength).

Stress
● When an external force is applied to a body, a

reactionary force equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction in developed in the body,
without undergoing any dimensional change

● Force acting per unit area.
In Terms Of Dentistry
● When a patient bites into an object, the
anterior teeth receive forces that are at an angle
to their long axes, thereby creating stresses
within the teeth.
Types Of Stress
● Tensile stress
● Shear stress
● Compressive stress
● Compound stress

Tensile stress
● A load that tends to
stretch or elongate a
body.

Shear Stress
● The sliding or twisting
of one portion of a body
over another.

Compressive Stress
● If a body is placed
under a load that tends
to compress.

Compound Stress
● When more than one stress is applied to a body

is termed as compound stress

Strain
● When an applied force causes deformation is
called as strain.
● Change in length per unit length

Types of Strain
● Elastic Strain: deformation that is recovered
upon removal of an externally applied force.
● Plastic Strain: deformation that is not

recoverable when the externally applied force
is removed.

Strength
● The maximum stress a material can withstand

without under going change in dimension
● Ability to resist stress

Types Of Strength
● Compressive strength
● Flexural strength
● Shear strength
● Tensile Strength

Elastic Deformation
● Proportional limit
● Resilience
● Modulus of elasticity

Elasticity
● Elasticity is property of
a material to come back
to its original position
after the removal of
applied force

ViscoElasticity
● When the recovery takes place slowly, or
a degree of permanent deformation
remains

Elastic Limit
● It is the maximum
amount of stress that a
structure can withstand
and still return to its
pre-stressed dimensions

Proportional Limit
● Maximum stress at which stress is proportional
to strain and above which plastic deformation
occurs.

Resilience
● The energy absorbed by a material in
undergoing elastic deformation up to the
elastic limit.

Modulus Of Elasticity
● Measure of the relative stiffness or rigidity of a
material.
● Modulus of Elasticity = Stress / Strain

Plastic Deformation

(a) Rigid, strong, tough,
ductile
(b) Flexible, tough
(c) Rigid, strong, brittle
(d) Rigid, weak, brittle
(e) Flexible, weak, brittle
(f) Flexible, resilient

● Percent Elongation
● Hardness

Percent Elongation
● Maximum amount of plastic strain a specimen
can sustain before it fractures

Hardness
● Resistance to penetration when
indented by a hard substance

Elastic And Plastic Deformation
● Toughness
● Brittleness
● Yield strength
● Ductility
● Malleability
● Fatigue

Toughness
● Total energy absorbed by a material
up to the point of fracture

Brittleness
● Opposite of toughness,
a material capable of
absorbing little amount
of energy
● A material that is strong

but not tough is said to
be brittle

Ductility
● The ability of a metal to
plastically deform
without breaking or
fracturing.
● The ability of a material

to be bent or stretched
without undergoing
fracture

Malleability
● The ability of a material
to be hammered or
pressed to thin sheets
without undergoing
fracture

Fatigue
● Total no of cycles
of force
application a
material can
withstand without
undergoing
fracture

Yield Strength
● The stress at which a test specimen exhibits a
specific amount of plastic strain.

Physical Properties
● Abrasion
● Viscosity
● Creep
● Flow
● Colour

Abrasion
● Abrasion is the process
of wearing down or
rubbing away by
means of friction.

Creep
● Slow deformation
under a constant load
● The time-dependent
plastic strain of a
material under a
static load or constant
stress.

Colour
● HUE: principal color
● CHROMA: intensity
of the color
● VALUE: brightness
or darkness of the
color
Thermal Properties
● Thermal conductivity
● Thermal diffusivity
● Coefficient of
thermal expansion

Thermal conductivity
● The rate of heat flow per unit
temperature gradient, thus good
conductors have a high value of
thermal conductivity

Thermal diffusivity
● The rate of heat flow per unit time,
i.e. the rapidity at which heat is
transferred through a material

Coefficient of thermal expansion
● The fractional increase in length of a
body for each degree centigrade
increase in temperature

Chemical Properties
● Solubility
● Erosion
● Corrosion
● Leaching

Solubility
● The solubility of a
material is the
measurement of the
extent to which it will
dissolve in a given field

Erosion
● is combination of dissolution with a
mild mechanical action

Corrosion
● Process of deterioration of metal by reaction
with its environment.

Tarnish
● Loss of surface smoothness by the formation
of a chemical film, e.g. oxide and sulphide

Leaching
● A material may absorb water from saliva
and loses some of its constituents in
saliva by a diffusion process

Biological Properties
● Non Toxic
● Non Irritant
● Non Carcinogen
● Non Allergen

Adhesion
● Interaction between
two materials at an
interface where they
are in contact
● Material which are

capable of bonding 2
surfaces together are
called Adhesives
Moisture and acid levels
● Intraoral pH depends on diet and acid producing bacteria.
● Range from 4 – 8.5
● Normal Temperature of Oral Cavity

● 32° C – 37° C
● Extends from 0° C – 70° C

● Moisture affects materials during placement or over
time. Low solubility contributes to longevity.
● Some materials take up water, color, odor, tastes of

foods and beverages (e.g. resins, acrylic, Glass
Ionomer Cement).
● Metals (except noble metals) are affected by acid and

moisture, i.e. corrosion: to wear out due to chemical
reaction.

(a) Rigid, strong, tough,
ductile
(b) Flexible, tough
(c) Rigid, strong, brittle
(d) Rigid, weak, brittle
(e) Flexible, weak, brittle
(f) Flexible, resilient

Galvanism
● An electric current
transmitted between two
dissimilar metals.
● Generated electrical
current a patient can feel
resulting from
dissimilar metals
present in a solution that
contains ions (e.g. oral
cavity)

Retention
● The ability of the
material to maintain its
position and resist
displacement

Microleakage
● The seepage of harmful
materials through the
gap between tooth and
restoration

Biting Forces
– Maximum biting force decreases from molars to
incisors. Average biting force
● 1st and 2nd molars = 580 N
● Bicuspids (premolars) = 310 N
● Cuspids (canines) = 220 N
● Incisors = 180 N

Force (N) Area (mm²) Stress (MPa)
111 645 0.1724
111 64.5 1.724
111 6.45 17.24
111 0.645 172.4

Wettability
● measure of the affinity of a liquid for a solid indicated
by spreading of a drop
● Low contact angle = high wettability (hydrophilic if

liquid is water)
● High contact angle = low wettability (hydrophobic if
liquid is water)

Good wetting of a solid by a liquid with low contact
angle (left), poor wetting forming a high contact
angle (right).

Optical properties
• Every object we see is as a result of reflectance of
light from that object reaching an extremely
sensitive photo detector, i.e. The eye. This is
characterized by:
• Colour
• Translucency
● Translucent materials allows some light to pass, absorbs
some, and scatters the rest
● Opaque material does not transmit light, but absorbs and
scatters it.

• Surface texture
the polishability of a material is an important
criteria for selection
Metamerism:
change of color of an object due to a change in light
source

Selection of dental materials
1. Analysis: Must consider factors such as
esthetics, stress, position
2. Requirements: a list of what is required of
the dental material to perform optimally
3. Available materials and their properties
4. Choice of material: by considering all the
previous steps in addition to availability, cost
and ease of handling.

Evaluation of dental materials
● Standard specifications
● Laboratory evaluations can be used to indicate
the suitability of dental materials. These tests
need to be clinically relevant
● Clinical trials: are the ultimate tests


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Properties Used to Characterize

Dr. Shoaib Khan

● Goals can be achieved

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

DURING DURING DURING SET

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● During storage and transportation

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● Temperature changes during setting

● Physical properties e.g. Colour

● Thermal properties e.g. Thermal Conductivity

● Chemical properties e.g. Solubility

● Biological properties e.g. Toxicity

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● The time required to

● Mixing time is normally

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● The time available

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● The time taken for

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● Rate of set should be

● The ability of a material to resist flow

● Higher the viscosity lesser is the flow

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● When an external force is applied to a body, a

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● When more than one stress is applied to a body

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● Change in length per unit length

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● Plastic Strain: deformation that is not

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● The maximum stress a material can withstand

● Ability to resist stress

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

● Modulus of Elasticity = Stress / Strain

Department of Science of Dental Materials

Department of Science of Dental Materials

(b) Flexible, tough

(c) Rigid, strong, brittle

(d) Rigid, weak, brittle

(e) Flexible, weak, brittle